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Graphene is well-known to be two-dimensional material made of carbon atoms. Graphene is the basic material to form nanotube, fullerene and graphite. Graphene is a substance that attracts attention not only as parts of the nanocarbons but also for its own interesting electronic and mechanic properties (T. Ando, A. K. Geim et.al, K.S. Novoselov et.al). In the last decade, the most significant problem is how to make wide and high quality graphene itself. Nowadays, good quality graphene can be made in labolatories, for example, using SiC(0001) surface. Thus, one of the next step of the research related to graphene is how to make nano structures on graphene plane (V. M. Karphan et.al). Recently, H.Fujioka et al. has suceeded for the growth of GaN on graphite using PLD (Pulsed Laser Deposition) method and they success to make light emission diode using GaN on graphite (K.

A new apparatus for total scattering measurements has been developed with a variable camera length using a 16-inch two-dimensional flat-panel detector to observe structural changes in amorphous and disordered crystalline materials substantially in real time on beamlines BL08W and BL04B2 at SPring-8. This paper presents the successful time-resolved pair distribution function analysis at SPring-8, and a newly developed program for data conversion from two-dimensional images into one-dimensional total scattering patterns.

Decarbonylation of furfural to furan was efficiently catalyzed by ZrO -supported Pd clusters in the liquid phase under a N atmosphere without additives. Although Pd/C and Pd/Al O have frequently been used for decarbonylation, Pd/ZrO exhibited superior catalytic performance compared with these conventional catalysts. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure measurements revealed that the size of the Pd particles decreased with an increase in the specific surface area of ZrO . ZrO with a high surface area immobilized Pd as clusters consisting of several (three to five) Pd atoms, whereas Pd aggregated to form nanoparticles on other supports such as carbon and Al O despite their high surface areas. The catalytic activity of Pd/ZrO was enhanced with a decrease in particle size, and the smallest Pd/ZrO was the most active catalyst for decarbonylation. When CeO was used as the support, a decrease in Pd particle size with an increase in surface area was also observed. Single Pd atoms were deposited on CeO with a high surface area, with a strong interaction through the formation of a Pd-O-Ce bond, which led to a lower catalytic activity than that of Pd/ZrO . This result suggests that zero-valent small Pd clusters consisting of more than one Pd atom are the active species for the decarbonylation reaction. Recycling tests proved that Pd/ZrO maintained its catalytic activity until its sixth use.