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The purpose of this study was to compare the in vitro intracanal bacterial reduction produced by using two instrumentation techniques and different irrigation methods. Root canals inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis were prepared by using the following techniques and irrigants: alternated rotary motions (ARM) technique, hand nickel-titanium files and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as irrigant; ARM technique and combined irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl and citric acid; ARM technique and combined irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate; and Greater Taper rotary files, using 2.5% NaOCl as irrigant. Controls were instrumented by using the ARM technique and irrigated with sterile saline. Canals were sampled before and after preparation. After serial dilution, samples were plated onto Mitis-Salivarius agar, and the colony forming units that were grown were counted. All test techniques and solutions significantly reduced the number of bacterial cells within the root canal (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the experimental groups (p > 0.05). Nonetheless, all of them were significantly more effective than the control group (p < 0.05). These findings support the importance of using antimicrobial irrigants during the chemomechanical preparation, regardless of the solutions or instrumentation techniques used.

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Objective. This clinical study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate as irrigants in reducing the cultivable bacterial populations in infected root canals of teeth with apical periodontitis. Study design. According to stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria, 32 teeth with primary intraradicular infections and chronic apical periodontitis were selected and followed in the study. Bacterial samples were taken at the baseline (S1) and after chemomechanical preparation using either NaOCl (n ϭ 16) or chlorhexidine (n ϭ 16) as irrigants (S2). Cultivable bacteria recovered from infected root canals at the 2 stages were counted. Isolates from S2 samples were identified by means of 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis.

Objective: to present a guide with recommendations for translation, adaptation, elaboration and process of validation of tests in Speech and Language Pathology. Methods: the recommendations were based on international guidelines with a focus on the elaboration, translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation process of tests. Results: the recommendations were grouped into two Charts, one of them with procedures for translation and transcultural adaptation and the other for obtaining evidence of validity, reliability and measures of accuracy of the tests. Conclusion: a guide with norms for the organization and systematization of the process of elaboration, translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation process of tests in Speech and Language Pathology was created. RESUMOObjetivo: apresentar um guia com recomendações para a tradução, adaptação, elaboração e processo de validação de testes em Fonoaudiologia. Método: as recomendações apresentadas foram baseadas em diretrizes internacionais tradicionais cujo enfoque está na elaboração, tradução, adaptação transcultural e processo de validação de testes. Resultado: as recomendações foram compiladas em dois quadros, sendo um deles referente aos procedimentos para tradução e adaptação transcultural e o outro à obtenção de evidências de validade, confiabilidade e medidas de acurácia dos testes. Conclusão: foi apresentado um guia com as principais recomendações para a organização e sistematização do processo de elaboração, tradução, adaptação transcultural e processo de validação de testes em Fonoaudiologia.