General action and inaction goals can influence the amount of motor or cognitive output irrespective of the type of behavior in question, with the same stimuli producing trivial and important motor and cognitive manifestations normally viewed as parts of different systems. A series of experiments examined the effects of instilling general action and inaction goals using word primes, such as “action” and “rest.” The first 5 experiments showed that the same stimuli influenced motor output, such as doodling on a piece of paper and eating, as well as cognitive output, such as recall and problem solving. The last 2 experiments supported the prediction that these diverse effects can result from the instigation of general action and inaction goals. Specifically, these last 2 studies confirmed that participants were motivated to achieve active or inactive states and that attaining them decreased the effects of the primes on behavior.

Little is known about factors that influence willingness to engage in treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). From 2007 to 2008, in the context of a longitudinal study assessing ADHD detection and service use in the United States, we simultaneously elicited ADHD treatment perceptions from four stakeholder groups: adolescents, parents, health care professionals and teachers. We assessed their willingness to use ADHD interventions and views of potential undesirable effects of two pharmacological (short- and long-acting ADHD medications) and three psychosocial (ADHD education, behavior therapy, and counseling) treatments. In multiple regression analysis, willingness was found to be significantly related to respondent type (lower for adolescents than adults), feeling knowledgeable, and considering treatments acceptable and helpful, but not significantly associated with stigma/embarrassment, respondent race, gender and socioeconomic status. Because conceptual models of undesirable effects are underdeveloped, we used grounded theory method to analyze open-ended survey responses to the question: “What other undesirable effects are you concerned about?” We identified general negative treatment perceptions (dislike, burden, perceived ineffectiveness) and specific undesirable effect expectations (physiological and psychological side-effects, stigma and future dependence on drugs or therapies) for pharmacological and psychosocial treatments. In summary, findings indicate significant discrepancies between teens’ and adults’ willingness to use common ADHD interventions, with low teen willingness for any treatments. Results highlight the need to develop better treatment engagement practices for adolescents with ADHD.

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This meta-analysis examines whether exposure to HIV-prevention interventions follows selfvalidation or risk-reduction motives. The dependent measures used in the study were enrolling in an HIV-prevention program and completing the program. Results indicated that first samples with low prior condom use were less likely to enroll than samples with high prior condom use. Second, samples with high knowledge were less likely to stay in an intervention than were those with low knowledge. Third, samples with medium levels of motivation to use condoms and condom use were more likely to complete an intervention than were those with low or high levels. Importantly, those patterns were sensitive to the interventions' inclusions of information-, motivation-, and behavioral-skills strategies. The influence of characteristics of participants, the intervention, and the recruit procedure are reported. KeywordsHIV prevention; behavioral interventions; retention; recruitment; attitudes The need to develop behavioral interventions to reduce infection with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2005) has resulted in many evidence-based interventions that attempt to increase HIV-relevant knowledge, motivation, and behavioral skills (J. D. Fisher & Fisher, 1992). Although these programs have been shown to be efficacious in meta-analytic syntheses and multisite trials (e.g., Albarracín et al., 2005;Albarracín et al., 2003; B. T. Johnson, Carey, Marsh, Levin, & Scott-Sheldon, 2003; Kim, Stanton, Li, Dickersin, & Galbraith, 1997;Mize, Robinson, Bockting, & Scheltema, 2002;Prendergast, Urada, & Podus, 2001), there is a surprising lack of understanding of the programs' outreach. However, it is important to determine if the programs reach and retain audiences that lack appropriate knowledge, motivation, and behavioral practice, and if specific aspects of these programs increase outreach and retention.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Kenji Noguchi or Dolores Albarracín, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. knoguchi@ufl.edu or dalbarra@ufl.edu. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author ManuscriptThe limitations in our knowledge about outreach may be due in part to the researchers' needs to test programs under conditions that increase participation and reduce attrition. In doing so, researchers provide strong incentives for participation and perceive low retention as a serious threat to be minimized. Despite the value of these practices to assess intervention efficacy, an informed take on outreach requires understanding natural variability in intervention acceptance and retention rather than conceptualizing attrition as a rate that must be constant and low. For this reason, we meta-analyzed the HIV-prevention intervention literature with a focus on variations in the sample sizes within included studies. From sample sizes at different study points, acceptance and retention rates were calculate...

SUMMARY Background:The acid suppressive effect of lansoprazole is influenced by the P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) polymorphism. Aim: To investigate whether the CYP2C19 genotype is related to the healing of erosive reflux oesophagitis during treatment with lansoprazole. Methods: Eighty-eight Japanese patients with erosive reflux oesophagitis were treated with a daily oral dose of 30 mg lansoprazole for 8 weeks. The CYP2C19 genotype, Helicobacter pylori infection status and serum pepsinogen I/II ratio were assessed before treatment. At 4 and 8 weeks, the healing of erosive reflux oesophagitis was evaluated endoscopically. Results: The healing rates were 57.1%, 69.2% and 72.7% at 4 weeks and 77.4%, 95.0% and 100% at