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Focused ion beam etching of resist/Ni multilayer films and applications to metal island structure formation

We have achieved the operation of single-electron tunneling ͑SET͒ transistors with gate-induced electrostatic barriers using silicon nanowire metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor ͑MOSFET͒ structures. The conductance of tunnel barriers is tunable by more than three orders of magnitude. By using the flexible control of the tunable barriers, the systematic evolution from a single charge island to double islands was clearly observed. We obtained excellent reproducibility in the gate capacitances: values on the order of 10 aF, with the variation smaller than 1 aF. This flexibility and controllability both demonstrate that the device is highly designable to build a variety of SET devices based on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology.

Thromboembolism and bleeding remain significant complications of ventricular assist device (VAD) support. Increasing the amount of biocompatibility data collected during preclinical studies can provide additional criteria to evaluate device refinements, while design changes may be implemented before entering clinical use. Twenty bovines were implanted with the EVAHEART centrifugal VAD for durations from 30 to 196 days. Titanium alloy pumps were coated with either diamond-like carbon or 2-methoxyethyloylphosphoryl choline (MPC). Activated platelets and platelet microaggregates were quantified by flow cytometry, including two new assays to quantify bovine platelets expressing CD62P and CD63. Temporally, all assays were low preoperatively, then significantly increased following VAD implantation, before declining to a lower, but still elevated level over 2-3 weeks. MPC-coated VADs produced significantly fewer activated platelets after implant trauma effects diminished. Three animals receiving no postoperative anticoagulation had similar amounts of circulating activated platelets and platelet microaggregates as animals receiving warfarin anticoagulation. Two new methods to quantify bovine activated platelets using antibodies to CD62P and CD63 were characterized and applied. These measures, along with previously described assays, were able to differentiate between two biocompatible coatings and assess effects of anticoagulation regimen in VAD preclinical testing.