Introduction Coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children occurred in Peru as of March 2020, leading to pediatric patients' hospitalization in areas adapted for this purpose at the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital. In the beginning, the demand for hospitalization was low, but it increased gradually. Consistent with international reports, the majority of patients presented mild or moderate symptoms. Nonetheless, there were also severe cases, even fatal ones. Objectives To describe the characteristics and clinical outcome of pediatric patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in a referral hospital in Lima, Peru, between March and August 2020. Methods A descriptive and inferential cross-sectional study was carried out. The population includes all hospitalized patients in the Department of Pediatrics, with clinical and surgical diagnoses associated with COVID-19. Results We included 100 patients, with an average age of 83.4 ± 54 months, with a predominance of male patients (55%). Hospitalized patients were grouped into five categories: respiratory failure (17%), multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) (31%), neurological presentation (19%), acute abdomen (20%), and patients with oncological problems (13%). Most of the patients (74%) had comorbidities. Regarding the presenting symptoms, intestinal pain predominated in the appendicitis group (90%, p < 0.001), fever was present in most patients with respiratory failure (64.7%); multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (90.3%), neurological manifestations (15.8%), acute abdomen (50%) and oncological conditions (61.5%) were also present in these patients. Kawasaki symptoms were found in 38.7% of the patients with multisystemic inflammatory syndrome. Mortality was 4%. Respiratory problems (29.4%) and multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (22.6%) required admission to intensive care, more frequently than the other presentations (p = 0.008). Conclusions We conclude that the vulnerability in the pediatric population is the one that has preexisting conditions. We divided our patients according to presentation, diagnosis, and complications, which were predominantly respiratory. We also had oncological patients with COVID-19.
Background: Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is characterized by excessive activation of macrophages and lymphocytes, leading to multiorgan dysfunction. As the initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), MAS is rare in children. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital to identify the MAS as it shares similar characteristics with the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Case report:We report the case of an 11-year-old male adolescent with symptoms of MIS-C. Although with negative results of RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) and serology for SARS-CoV-2, contact with a positive COVID-19 relative was reported. When admitted to a referral hospital center, the patient received standard treatment for MIS-C. Although the same scheme was given on three occasions, the patient showed no response to initial therapy. Thus, the patient was classified as a refractory case. When the study was extended to other differential diagnoses, we found MAS associated with SLE. Therefore, the patient was treated with etoposide, cyclosporine, dexamethasone, and methotrexate and showed a good clinical response. Conclusions: MAS associated with SLE is rare in the pediatric population. MAS shares inflammatory markers with the MIS-C and is often confused with rheumatologic, infectious, and neoplastic entities. Reporting this case is important to identify differential diagnoses in patients presenting as MIS-C and decide on timely treatment, as it could be harmful or even fatal if a definitive diagnosis is not obtained on time.
El síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pediátrico asociado a COVID-19 (SIM-C) es una entidad poco frecuente y heterogénea, potencialmente fatal. Existen pocos reportes de casos de esta enfer- medad y de sus fenotipos en Latinoamérica. Objetivo: Describir las características de los fenotipos clínicos en pacientes hospitalizados en Lima, Perú, con diagnóstico de SIM-C. Pacientes y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes < 14 años con diagnóstico de SIM-C en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Perú, abril 2020 - agosto 2021. Se registraron variables clínico- demográficas y microbiológicas. Según éstos, se clasificó a los pacientes con SIM-C en el fenotipo shock, enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK) sin shock, y el fenotipo fiebre e inflamación, analizando sus re- sultados clínicos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 58 pacientes, 32 (55,2%) presentaron el fenotipo shock, 15 (25,8%) el fenotipo EK sin shock, y 11 (19%) el fenotipo fiebre e inflamación. Del fenotipo shock, 17 presentaron EK. La edad media fue de 7 ± 3,5 años y el 67,2% eran varones. Las manifestaciones gastrointestinales y mucocutáneas predominaron en todos los fenotipos. La mortalidad fue de 3,5%. La frecuencia de aneurismas coronarios fue del 10,2%. La mayoría de los pacientes recibió trata- miento inmunomodulador y antiplaquetario. Los pacientes con fenotipo shock presentaron mayor disfunción hematológica, inflamatoria y cardiaca, con mayor frecuencia de insuficiencia respiratoria y ventilación mecánica invasiva. Conclusiones: En nuestra serie de casos, los pacientes con fenotipo shock fueron los más frecuentes y presentaron peores desenlaces clínicos. Se necesita una vigilancia activa de los fenotipos clínicos para un diagnóstico y manejo precoz con el fin de mejorar el pronós- tico en estos pacientes.
no breathing diffi culty, multiple petechial lesions in upper and lower extremities and ecchymosis (Figure 1), no signs of hypoperfusion, lower hemiabdomen pain, no visceromegalys, hospitalized in isolation area for COVID-19.During your hospital stay, platelet count less than 10 x 10 3 / uL and iron profi le compatible with iron defi ciency anemia are evident. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound within normal ranges
Objetivo. Describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas de los pacientes con múltiples cánceres primarios en un hospital de Chiclayo, Perú durante los años 2009-2015. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se identificaron a los pacientes que padecían de más de un cáncer primario en el registro hospitalario de cáncer del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo, Chiclayo, Perú. Usando una ficha de recolección de datos se recolectó información acerca de la edad, el estadio del cáncer, fecha de diagnóstico, tipo de tumor, presencia de factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de más de un tipo de cáncer, entre otros. Resultados. Durante los años 2009 al 2015 se diagnosticaron 8 075 casos de cáncer, de los cuales 89 pacientes (1,1%) presentaron múltiples cánceres primarios. De éstos, 32 pacientes fueron incluidos el estudio. Los múltiples cánceres primarios fueron más frecuentes en el sexo femenino. Los factores de riesgo son los hábitos nocivos (cuatro pacientes) y el tratamiento de la neoplasia previa (17 pacientes). La edad promedio al diagnóstico del primer cáncer primario fue de 66 años, y el promedio de edad en mujeres (60 años) fue menor que en varones (72 años). Conclusiones. El primer cáncer primario más frecuente fue el de mama, y la asociación más frecuente el de piel y próstata. El tipo de cáncer más frecuente fue el cáncer metacrónico tanto en varones como en mujeres. Ningún varón presentó cáncer sincrónico.
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