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This paper overviews the characteristics of a phenothiazine-mylar dosimeter which can be used as an effective solar UVA exposure assessment tool. This dosimeter is sensitive to UVA wavelengths (320-400 nm); and its performance has been characterized in a series of tests such as (a) temperature stability of response, (b) impact of long term storage, (c) angular response, (d) spectral response and (e) UVA exposure response (dose-response).There is no effect of long term storage post exposure and no effect of temperature up to approximately 35 o . For angles up to 70 o , the cosine error of the normalized UVA is less than approximately 0.1. There is a strong and positive correlation (R > 0.98) between the ambient UVA exposures measured instrumentally and the UVA dosimeter exposures. These characterizations have confirmed the reliability and reproducibility of a phenothiazine-mylar combined dosimeter as an effective solar UVA exposure tool for field based studies of the UVA exposures to population groups.

The results show that there are shortfalls in knowledge of the legislation and how to comply with it and deficiencies in police enforcement. In addition, there was evidence of drink driving and drink riding at high levels in both cities. Recommendations are made to address these issues.

Aims: To better understand the knowledge and behaviors of drunk-driving offenders relating to alcohol use and driving in the context of recently amended Chinese legislation, and to investigate the involvement of alcohol-use disorders. Design:The study was a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2012. Setting and participants:Data were collected at a local jail and 101 participants were recruited while in detention.Measures: Questionnaire items examined demographic characteristics as well as practices and knowledge relating to alcohol use and driving. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to assess hazardous drinking levels.Findings: Knowledge about the two legal limits for "drink driving" and for "drunk driving" was low, at 28.3% and 41.4%, respectively. AUDIT scores indicated that a substantial proportion of the offenders had high levels of alcohol-use disorders. Higher AUDIT scores were found among the least experienced drivers, those who lacked knowledge about the legal limits, and recidivist drunk drivers. Conclusions:Limited awareness of legal alcohol limits might contribute to offending; high AUDIT scores suggest that hazardous drinking levels may also contribute. This study provides important information to assist in refining community education and prevention efforts.