Detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been shown to be a sensitive method of diagnosing CMV disease in the central nervous system. Since CMV causes latent infection in white blood cells, an unanswered question is whether detection of latent CMV DNA in the cell fraction of CSF samples by PCR is possible in seropositive patients. In a prospective study, the finding of CMV DNA in CSF of CMV seropositive patients with suspected viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) was evaluated clinically. Fractionation of 64 CSF samples from seropositive patients was carried out before analysing the samples for CMV DNA by PCR. In four of the five patients who had CMV DNA in the cell pellet and/or supernatant, the clinical data suggested CMV-associated neurological disease. The remaining 59 samples were negative in both pellet and supernatant. In addition, 11 CSF samples with high cell counts from patients with bacterial meningitis were examined for CMV DNA and found to be negative in 10 patients and positive in 1. One hundred thirty two uncentrifuged CSF samples were used as negative controls. The results of the study indicate that detection of CMV DNA in CSF samples by PCR correlated well with disease and was not due to latent CMV infection.

Survival among chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients can be linked to the reduction in leukemic cell burden. Treatment with imatinib mesylate results in a high frequency of complete cytogenetic response, which can be further stratified using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We have serially monitored peripheral blood and bone marrow BCR-ABL transcripts using qRT-PCR in CML patients commencing imatinib therapy, and compared the results with bone marrow cytogenetics. Seventeen patients (aged 25-74 yr) with Philadelphia chromosome positive CML in first chronic phase were treated with imatinib targeting a dose of 400 mg/d. The median follow up is 30 mo (range 9-33 mo). Every third month the product of the BCR-ABL fusion gene was evaluated in both blood and bone marrow specimens by real-time RT-PCR using the TaqMan probe system. In 113 simultaneously obtained blood and bone marrow samples, the BCR-ABL transcript values agreed well with cytogenetic data. Blood and bone marrow specimens gave comparable values for BCR-ABL transcripts. Before start of imatinib therapy there was a considerable variation in BCR-ABL transcripts among the patients, ranging approximately one log (base 10). Similarly, patients with a complete cytogenetic response following imatinib therapy had variable BCR-ABL transcript levels, ranging at least three logs (base 10). The major decline in BCR-ABL transcripts occurred within 6 mo after start of imatinib therapy. The decline in BCR-ABL transcripts, following imatinib therapy, appears to level off at 12-15 mo. Two late responders were identified with a still decreasing level in BCR-ABL transcripts after 24 mo of treatment. It is concluded that BCR-ABL mRNA quantification in peripheral blood is suitable for routine monitoring of the response to treatment and long-term disease status in CML, especially in patients who have achieved a complete cytogenetic response. A plateau in BCR-ABL transcripts seems to have been reached after 12-15 mo of imatinib treatment; however, some "late responders" are seen.

In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment response is determined by measurements of BCR-AB1L transcripts in peripheral blood by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and a 2-5 fold increase is considered a warning sign. The BCR-ABL1 gene is mainly expressed in myeloid cells whereas quantification of BCR-ABL1 is performed on the nucleated cell fraction of peripheral blood. Hence, leukocyte composition of the nucleated cell fraction may affect the result of BCR-ABL1 quantification. The aim of this study was to investigate if changes in leukocyte composition of peripheral blood had any effect on BCR-ABL1 transcript levels in CML patients. Six CML patients in complete cytogenetic remission (CCgR) performed a maximal physical exercise test. Blood samples were collected before exercise, at maximal exhaustion and after exercise. A biphasic increase in leukocyte count was observed and the relative proportion of granulocytes in peripheral blood changed significantly after exercise compared with baseline (p < 0.001). The BCR-ABL1 transcript level increased significantly following exercise, in nucleated cell fraction of peripheral blood (p < 0.05) but not in isolated granulocytes. In the nucleated cell fraction, the mean BCR-ABL1 transcript level was 3.3-fold (range 0.7-6.8) higher 180 min after exercise compared with baseline (p < 0.01). In conclusion, physical exercise induced significant increases in BCR-ABL1 transcript levels concomitant with changes in leukocyte content of peripheral blood. We therefore suggest that variations in leukocyte composition of peripheral blood, causing pre-analytic variations that affect BCR-ABL1 quantification, have to be accounted for. Consequently, small variations in BCR-ABL1 transcript levels should be interpreted cautiously in CML patients in CCgR.

The U leader exon in the 5' untranslated region of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) gene contains an internal ribosome entry site, the EBNA internal ribosome entry segment (IRES), which promotes cap-independent translation and increases the expression level of the EBNA1 protein. It was previously reported that immunosuppressed organ transplanted patients showed an alternatively spliced EBNA1 transcript, excluding the EBNA IRES element. To further investigate the function of the EBNA IRES, sequence analysis of the EBNA IRES mRNA was performed in samples from seven organ transplant patients. Two nucleotide changes, G --> A at position 67531 and C --> U at position 67585 were found in the EBNA IRES mRNA, relative to the corresponding genomic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) sequence in all patients. Moreover, the patient derived EBNA IRES mRNA was shown to differ from the IRES mRNA derived from the cell line B95.8 at position 67531 and from the cell lines Rael and P3HR1 at positions 67531 and 67585. cDNA from the various EBNA IRES sequences were cloned into bicistronic vectors, respectively, and used in transient transfection experiments in six human cell lines. The patient specific sequence significantly decreased the IRES activity in T-cells, while the base changes had no significant impact on the activity in B- or in epithelial cells. The genetic mechanisms behind EBV-associated diseases are complex, involving gene regulation by alternative promoters, alternative splicing, and translational control. The nucleotide changes in the patient specific EBNA IRES transcript and its influence on the translational activity, might illustrate new strategies utilised by the EBV to adapt to the immune control in patients with EBV associated diseases.