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Mentoring programs are increasingly widespread in academia. Still, comparatively little is known about their effects. With the help of a self-collected dataset of 368 researchers in two different fields and accounting for self-selection via matching techniques, we find mentees in formal mentoring programs to be more productive than comparable researchers who do not participate in a formal program -irrespective of whether these instead have an informal mentor or not. Informal mentoring relationships, to the contrary, do not positively affect mentees' research productivity.