This chapter reassesses theories of motivation, both historical and contemporary, related to religious tourism, pilgrimage, festivals and events, recognizing the act of travel as well as the arrival as part of the complex matrix of travel motivators. The chapter introduces discourses on content theory and process theory, highlighting the work of Maslow and Herzberg to underpin the analysis of motivations for religious tourism and pilgrimage.

This chapter provides an analysis of social tourism provision for low-income groups, focusing on the social and economic benefits of such provision. It begins by defining social tourism and discusses issues in relation to holiday participation, poverty and social exclusion. A number of examples of social tourism provision from across Europe are also presented. The chapter continues with a presentation of the benefits of social tourism based on two empirical qualitative studies from Ireland and the UK. The studies were carried out independently, but have produced largely comparable findings, enforcing their validity and strengthening the argument for the introduction of social tourism policies and practices in each country, respectively. The chapter concludes by presenting the potential relevance of social tourism on a social, economic and policy level.

This chapter outlines how, in theory, an environmentally integrated destination management model could be employed in an events context, thereby stretching the understanding of sustainability to include themes as diverse as Administration, Community, Heritage, Industry, Enterprise and Visitor. It is proposed that use of this integrated management approach, or model, could mitigate the negative and maximize the positive impacts of events.

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This chapter explores the various ways in which cultural tourism impacts on host communities. After initially defining the concept of community and its multifaceted elements, the chapter considers the problems associated with a range of impacts, including economic, environmental and socio-cultural, and applying the tenets of social exchange theory to the analysis of impacts suggests that community well-being is linked to the perceived benefits that can be accrued from tourism. It is argued that capacity building is required for communities to accrue lasting benefits from the development of cultural tourism.