In the past decade, the structural and electronic properties of monolayer-protected metal clusters, which can be produced size-selected in macroscopic amounts, have received a lot of attention. Their great potential...

Abstract[Ru(NH3)6]3+/Nafion modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes were fabricated via the drop coating technique and were used for the simultaneous determination of lead (Pb2+), cadmium (Cd2+), and zinc (Zn2+) in trace amounts using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The amount of [Ru(NH3)6]3+ in the coating solution was varied at 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg. The fabricated electrodes were used to detect varying concentrations of Pb, Cd and Zn. ASV results showed that as the amount of [Ru(NH3)6]3+ was increased, the reduction current of the heavy metals increased as well. The Pearson correlation values obtained for Pb and Cd were close to 1.0, indicating a strong positive linear relationship between the variables. The minimum heavy metal concentration that can be simultaneously detected by the fabricated electrodes is 0.5 ppm.

Hexaammineruthenium (III) [Ru(NH3)6]3+-Nafion®-isopropanol diluted films were spin coated on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates. The fabricated samples were used to determine the presence of lead and cadmium in solution using anodic strip-ping voltammetry (ASV). The calibration sensitivity of the electrodes for lead and cadmium were approximately equal. Detection limits of 5ppb and 4ppb were determined for lead and cadmium respectively. Real sampling tests with commercially available yellow water color yielded 0.7106 ppm of Pb with ASV. The result was verified with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) which yielded 0.6923ppm of Pb.

The emission of photons from a thermally populated electronic excited state, via the process of recurrent fluorescence, has been recognized as a prominent cooling channel in hot molecules and small...