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Present study portrays, environment benign and cost-effective method to synthesize Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Cassia renigera leaf extract (CRLE). X-ray diffraction profile was analyzed using Rietveld refinement technique which revealed the hexagonal crystallinity with space group P6 3 mc. FTIR spectrum of Cassia renigera leaf extract mediated ZnO NPs (CRLE: ZnO NPs) showed bends located at 3352 cm À 1 and 1394 cm À 1 belonging to phenolic groups present in phytochemicals of CRLE, which manifested that CRLE acted as capping agent for ZnO NPs. UV-Visible absorption spectrum displayed strong humps located at 240 nm and 280 nm, respectively in the UV range confirming the formation of CRLE:ZnO NPs which has depicted non-uniform grain distribution without any traces of agglomeration with grain size ranging ∼ 28-112 nm. The application of CRLE: ZnO NPs in Cauliflower seedling inhibited the effect of Cauliflower pathogen 'Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris' (Xcc) and also helped in plant metabolism. CRLE: ZnO NPs uptake, translocation and biotransformation in the form of Zn 2 + affected the overall growth of the plant with enriched micronutrients. CRLE: ZnO NPs were introduced in the cauliflower crops through seeds and promising results were obtained. Introduction of CRLE: ZnO NPs in Cauliflower seeds developed good growth parameters as compared to bare seeds.

The present study reports a cost‐effective and environmentally benign method for biogenic synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using Cassia renigera bark extract (CRBE) and evaluation of its effect on four rice varieties (PR 7, basmati 1509, HR 47, and sharbati). The physicochemical characterisation of CRBE: ZnO NPs was carried out using X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and UV‐Vis spectrophotometer. Structural investigation using Rietveld refinement method revealed hexagonal wurtzite structure of CRBE: ZnO NPs containing P6 3 mc space group. UV‐ Visible spectra of CRBE: ZnO NPs displayed a broad peak ranging from 430–540 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of CRBE: ZnO NPs displayed a broad peak at 3325 cm−1 which represent amine group and the bend at 432 cm−1 showed Zn−O stretching confirming the formation of ZnO NPs. FESEM micrograph of CRBE: ZnO NPs depicted hexagonal grains of varying size distributions with an average grain size of ∼28 nm. The effect of CRBE: ZnO NPs on the growth of different rice varieties was examined and was compared with the untreated seeds of rice. CRBE: ZnO NPs treated seeds of rice varieties displayed a significant increase in germination rate, moisture rate, and growth rate (shoot/root length, number of leaves) w.r.t. untreated seeds. CRBE: ZnO NPs mediated rice seeds possessed anti‐pathogenic activity against Xanthomonas oryzae (Xoo). The results of the present work represent that CRBE: ZnO NPs can serve as potent nano‐fertilizer in the field of agriculture.

The present study was conducted during 2019−2020 to characterize the Carica papaya leaf synthesized silver nanoparticles and to know the MIC of Carica papaya leaf extract along with silver nanoparticles synthesized using Carica papaya leaf extract against MRSA by broth dilution method. Aqueous extract and silver nanoparticles of Carica papaya leaves was prepared using freshly collected disease free leaves. Characterization of C. papaya aqueous leaf extract synthesized silver nanoparticles (CPAgNP) was done by UV-VIS spectra analysis, SEM analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and Zeta potential and Particle Size Analysis. A single, strong and broad SPR peak in UV–visible spectrum of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles using the Carica papaya extract was observed at 400 nm. FTIR spectrum revealed the band set at 3465.80 cm-1, 3136.95 cm-1, 2917.61 cm-1, 1625.08 cm-1, 1511.51 cm-1 and 1384.81 cm-1 respectively. Electron microscopy showed that Carica papaya aqueous leaf extract crystalline nanoparticle had definite particle size. The MIC of AECPL against MRSA was found to be 31.25 mg ml-1 while MIC of CPAgNPs against MRSA was found to be 62.5 µg ml-1. MIC of CPAgNPs was reported quite lower as compared to that of AECPL, thus it could be assumed that antibacterial activity of AECPL might potentiate the antibacterial property of Ag-NPs. Therefore, CPAgNPs could be employed as therapeutic agent against bacterial infection.