The increasing rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and the undesirable side effects of anticancer agents have enhanced the demand for the development of efficient, detectable, and targeted anticancer systems. Saponins are a diverse family of natural glycosides that have recently been evaluated as an effective compound for the targeted therapy of squamous cell carcinoma. Due to their porous nature and stable structure, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a well-known substance form for various biological applications, such as drug delivery. In this study, we fabricated a novel hybrid, highly porous and low-toxic saponin-loaded nanostructure by modifying graphene oxide (GO)/reduced GO (rGO) with aluminum fumarate (AlFu) as MOF core–shell nanocomposite. The characterization of the nanostructures was investigated by FTIR, TEM, EDX, FESEM, and BET. MTT assay was used to investigate the anticancer activity of these compounds on OSCC and PDL normal dental cells. The effect of the nanocomposites on OSCC was then investigated by studying apoptosis and necrosis using flow cytometry. The GO/rGO was decorated with a saponin–AlFu mixture to further investigate cytotoxicity. The results of the MTT assay showed that PDL cells treated with AlFu–GO–saponin at a concentration of 250 μg/mL had a viability of 74.46 ± 16.02%, while OSCC cells treated with this sample at a similar concentration had a viability of only 38.35 ± 19.9%. The anticancer effect of this nanostructure on OSCC was clearly demonstrated. Moreover, the number of apoptotic cells in the AlFu–GO–saponin and AlFu–rGO–saponin groups was 10.98 ± 2.36%–26.90 ± 3.24% and 15.9 ± 4.08%–29.88 ± 0.41%, respectively, compared with 2.52 ± 0.78%–1.31 ± 0.62% in the untreated group. This significant increase in apoptotic effect observed with AlFu–rGO–saponin was also reflected in the significant anticancer effect of saponin-loaded nanostructures. Therefore, this study suggests that an effective saponin delivery system protocol for the precise design and fabrication of anticancer nanostructures for OSCC therapy should be performed prior to in vivo evaluations.

Background:Through a new material pattern addition approach, NHA is synthesized using eggshell materials and sheep bone under different calcination temperatures (respectively at 900 ° C and 800 ° C) using a sol-gel approach. NHA/Es and NHA/Sb, due to their biocompatibility and bioactivity, are widely used in applications such as antibacterial and cytotoxic of PDL cells and teeth and as hard tissue. Results: We investigated the physicochemical properties of NHA/Es and NHA/Sb by performing FTIR, energy scattering X-ray analysis, SEM, and XRD. The formation of NHA / Es, NHA / Sb particles occurs due to the usage of Eggshell materials and sheep bones as a pattern in NHA synthesis, which are less crystalline. Results of surface morphology analysis of NHA particles indicate that these particles are discrete and rod-shaped at low temperatures (850 °C), whereas larger particles are formed at higher temperatures. Therefore, antibacterial activity against four gram-negative bacteria were investigated through MIC and MBC methods, which included E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida, Saccharomyces and gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Conclusions:The reason for the compatibility of calcined NHA / Sb powder as a substance used in biomedical applications is that this powder has shown strong antibacterial efficacy against all bacterial strains with a range of inhibitory zones. The nature and structure of PDLs have been studied in many studies; While we focus on the quantitative analysis of the structural properties of PDL cells and their cytotoxic activity through the use of bio waste materials.