Tulip is an ornamental bulbous flowering crop belonging to the Genus Tulipa and family Liliaceae. It is the first ranking bulbous ornamental plant in the world (Nayeem and Qayoom 2015). They are often the first flowers to witness the bloom in the spring. Kashmir valley is located in northern Himalayas in northwestern region of Indian subcontinent. It is the most alluring and fascinating place all over India and the home of famous “Indhra Gandhi Memorial Tulip garden”, the largest tulip garden in the entire Asia. However there are number of constraints in tulip cultivation among which bulb rot occupy a prominent place (Piwoni 2000). Bulb rot is posing problem to all the tulip growers throughout the world (De Hertogh et al. 1983). Rot symptoms were observed on tulip bulbs in field as well as in storage conditions (20-22◦C temperature with a relative humidity of 65%) in the summers of 2018 and 2019 in Shalimar fields of Kashmir. The main disease symptoms are yellow sunken spots on bulbs, purple-yellow coloration of leaves. Causal agent was isolated using tissue bit technique (Pathak 1972) on potato dextrose agar plates which where incubated at 24±2◦C . Single spore technique was used to obtain the pure isolate (Johnston and Booth 1983). The isolate covered the full plate (90mm) in ten days. The colony was dull whitish in color, flat and smooth with concentric ring formation in the culture plate with inner ring having a creamy exudation. The mycelium was septate, branched and hyaline in color and measured 3.50-5.20 µm in width with an average of 4.4 µm. Micro-conidia were hyaline, cylindrical to oval, 0-1 septa and measured 7.50-11.00×2.80-3.75 µm in size. Macro conidia were hyaline with 3-4 septa, fusiform, moderately curved which measured 21.15- 32.00×3.80-4.75 µm in size with an average of 28.50±0.21× 4.30±0.2 µm. On the basis of these morphological and cultural characteristics of the fungus, it was identified as Fusarium solani (Mar.) Sacc.,. To confirm the identity the PCR amplification was carried out for two genes Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS 1, ITS 4)and Translation Elongation factor1-alpha gene (tef1- alpha) (O’Donnell et al. 1998; White et al. 1990). BLAST analysis of the sequence obtained for both the genes showed 99% homology with F. solani sequences in GenBank and Fusarium –ID databases. The sequences were deposited in the GenBank (Accession No MN611433, MW995477). Pathogenicity test was conducted on variety orange emperor both in laboratory and polyhouse. Bulbs were divided into three sets, (three bulbs per set) one set was given injury and dipped in conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml) for 30 min, another set was kept uninjured and dipped in spore suspension of same concentration, the third set was served as control and dipped in sterilized distilled water. All the respective sets were incubated in a moist chamber maintained at a temperature of 22 ◦C to observe symptoms. The injured ones showed symptoms after 7-8 days of inoculation, whereas the uninjured bulbs showed symptoms after 11-12 days. No symptoms were observed in controlled set. A pot experiment was also conducted to carry the pathogenicity tests. Bulbs were injured with the help of sterile needle and were dipped in conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml) for 30 min (Pastrana et al. 2014). The bulbs kept for control were dipped in sterilized distilled water. Bulbs were then planted in pots maintained at 18◦C. The above ground parts of the inoculated bulbs showed symptoms like stunted growth which gradually turned yellow and did not produced flowers. The bulbs after harvesting were rotten .No symptoms were observed in controlled plants. To fulfill the Koch's postulates the fungal pathogen was re-isolated which was identified as F. solani. The pathogen is reported to cause disease in other crops (Gupta et al. 2012) but to our knowledge and on the basis of literature, this is the first report of F. solani causing bulb rot of tulip in India.

: This study aims to develop LKS based Problem Based Learning (LKS) on the set material. In addition, also see the quality of LKS developed viewed from aspects of validity, practicality and effectiveness. This type of research is research development or Research and Development (R&D). This study follows the steps of the ADDIE development model covering five stages of development: analysis, develompment, implementation and evaluation. The subject of this research is the students of class VII A SMPN 10 Muara Bungo. Research instruments on this development are questionnaires and questions. The questionnaire consisted of a validation sheet by 3 experts, materials experts, design experts, and media experts as well as individualized questionnaires, small group trials and field trials. While the instrument in the form of questions consists of a matter of pre-test and post-test. After the LKS was developed, the LKS was validated by 3 validators. The percentage of results obtained after validation is: for the material expert's assessment of 81.8% with the category "very valid", the design expert of 77.8% with the category "valid" and 87.7% media experts with the category "very valid. Then the LKS in the test try, the percentage of test results obtained are: individual test of 82.5% with the category of "very practical", small group testing of 89.7% with the category "very practical" and field trials of 83,7% with very practical category. Furthermore, to assess the effectiveness of LKS seen from the results of pre-test and post-test conducted by students, then calculated using the calculation of t-test statistics, obtained tcount of 9.24 and ttable of 2.03, because tcount larger ttable it can be concluded that the LKS developed effectively. Based on the description above, the result of research of development of LKS based on PBL is categorized as valid, practical, and effective.Keywords: Student Worksheet (LKS), Problem Based Learning (PBL), ADDIE Development Model

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memahami langkah-langkah mengembangkan media komik berbasis karakter penyayang sosial, menilai kelayakan media komik strip berdasarkan karakter peduli sosial, dan menilai keefektifan media komik berdasarkan karakter kesejahteraan. Survei ini merupakan bentuk survei pengembangan berdasarkan model survei ADDIE. Hasil survei uji kelayakan menunjukkan bahwa penilaian ahli media mendapat skor 90. Peringkat ahli bahasa mencetak 90. Peringkat ahli pembelajaran mendapatkan skor 90. Penilaian respon guru mendapat skor 92,30 dan penilaian siswa mendapat skor 90,80. Desain dan analisis menggunakan T-test dengan uji normalitas dan uji validitas yang sesuai dengan One Grup Pretest Post test. Jika nilai signifikansi uji-T berpasangan kurang dari 0,05 sehingga kesimpulannya adanya perbedaan signifikan dari pretest dan posttest, sehingga media yang dikembangkan dapat dikatakan efektif untuk pembelajaran. Berdasarkan hasil temuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan media, rata pre-test adalah 50,60 dan rata post-test ialah 79,68. Signifikansi (p) yang diperoleh adalah 0,000, lebih kecil dari signifikasi 0,05 (0,000 < 0,05).