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Tracheal stenosis (TS) is abnormal tracheal lumen narrowing that can impair sufficient airflow and cause severe morbidity. Any level of the trachea can be affected from the cricoid cartilage to the main carina.TS may be congenital or idiopathic but most commonly is secondary to a variety of pathologies including tracheal trauma, malignancy, extrinsic compression or iatrogenic. Endotracheal intubation and tracheostomy are considered the most common causes of TS. 1 Historically, surgical management has been the mainstay of treatment in such cases, while endoscopic procedures are often viewed as a bridge to definitive surgical intervention either in simple stenosis or in high-risk patients. However, with the recent advances in the field of interventional pulmonology, definitive management of TS using multiple endoscopic methods became increasingly common especially in patients deemed non-operable. 2 We aimed to prospectively investigate the role of bronchoscopic management either by mechanical dilatation and

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The hypothesis that weight on the chest may diminish the compliance of the chest wall and affect chest wall dynamics guided this research. Few previous studies investigated the possibility of increasing chest compliance and pulmonary function after reduction mammaplasty. The meager results available were contradictory. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between reduction mammaplasty and pulmonary function. Thirty-three adult female patients who presented for reduction mammaplasty were included in the study. Paired t test showed nonsignificant change in pulmonary functions after reduction mammaplasty. Pearson method of statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the total weight of breast tissue removed and pulmonary function, and a negative correlation between the total postoperative breast volume and the pulmonary function. The study concluded that the more the breast tissue weight removed and the less the postoperative total breast volume, the better the postoperative pulmonary function.

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