Objectives: The objective of the study was to reveal the reversal of histo-morphological changes in mice liver induced by combined isoniazid-rifampicin (INH-RIF) therapy with sildenafil treatment. Methods: Twenty-one mice weighing between 25–35 g were enrolled in the study. Randomisation was carried out by simple balloting method. The selected mice were sorted into three groups with 7 mice, each group. In group C (n=7) control group, mice were administered 0.4ml of saline per kg body weight daily intra peritoneally for 21 days. In group R (n=7) INH-RIF group, rifampicin (50 mg/kg) and isoniazid (50 mg/kg), dissolved in 4 ml/kg isotonic saline, were administered intra-peritoneally (ip) daily for 21 days. In group S (n=7) sildenafil administered group, 10 mg/kg sildenafil was given orally by gastric gavage on daily basis along with the intraperitoneal injection of INH-RIF (50 mg/kg each) daily for 21 days. Results: Histopathology revealed hepatotoxicity in group R (INH-RIF), while significant improvement was observed in group C (INH-RIF-sildenafil). Conclusion: Sildenafil citrate possesses hepatoprotective role against INH-RIF induced hepatotoxicity.

Aim: To observe the complication rate of conventional percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in a tertiary care Hospital. Methods: This Retrospective study conducted from January 2016 to January 2020 in the Department of Urology at Lady Reading Hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan.The research included a total of 449 patients who underwent conventional PCNL.Non-contrast CT KUB was performed on all patients before surgery. After passing 6fr Ureteric catheter through a cystoscope in lithotomy position patient was then shifted into prone position. Under the guidance of fluoroscopy, all procedures were carried out while the patient was lying flat and conventional 30FR amplatz sheath was used as working channel. Results: Complications were reported in 46.9% of cases.The majority of the complications occurred in patients with clavien grades I and II, with 120(27%) and 54(12%) patients, respectively. In Grade I complicationstransient feveroccurred in 67(15%) patients treated with antipyretics while 53(12%) patients had nephrostomy site leakage managed with simple pressure dressing at bed site. In grade II complication 45(10%) patients had bleeding which required transfusion and 9(2%) patients developed sepsis treated with parenteral antibiotics. 10(2%) patients developed grade IIIa complication such as persistent bleeding in 4(0.8%) patients managed with percutaneous angioembolization and 6(1.2%) patients required percutaneous drainage of perinephric collection. 25(5.5%) patients had grade IIIb complications, in 24( 5.3%) patients DJ stenting was done for PCS injury or persistent leakage from nephrostomy site while 1(0.2%) patient needed colostomy for colonic injury. Conclusion: The chance of serious complications during percutaneous nephrolithotomy is very minimal. It is also safe, cost effective and well-tolerated. Transient fever or nephrostomy site leakage are the most frequently occurring minor complications often subside spontaneously. Keywords: Nephrostomy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Objective: To determine the degree of agreement between multi-detector computed tomography angiography and transthoracic echocardiography in diagnostic evaluation of congenital heart disease with extracardiac findings.

Objectives: To describe the demographic profile, patterns of visual disturbance and imaging studies of patients with Macroadenoma. Design: Retrospectively. Reviewed the clinical charts and neuroradiologic imaging of 125 patients who were diagnosed as cases of Macroadenoma. Duration: 2000 to 2009. Subjects and Methods: 100 patients were selected who had visual disturbances along with Macroadenomas. Age, sex, visual symptoms and other associated systemic problems of these patients were reviewed. The Neuroimaging data (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) was correlated with the clinical picture. The data was analysed using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The Descriptive Statistics were calculated for age and MR findings. Results: The age ranged from 9 to 85 years (mean 42.92). Male to female ratio was 1.4: 1. 90% patients had visual disturbances including visual field defects and 10% had ocular motor nerve palsies. Tumour extension on MR studies showed optic chiasma compression in 69% patients, cavernous sinus invasion in 57% and Sphenoidal sinus invasion in 14%. Haemorrhagic foci were seen in 8% and intra tumour necrosis was found in 9% patients. Conclusions: The most common path for the extension of pituitary macroadenomas is towards the optic chiasma. Hence majority of these patients present with visual disturbances. MRI is an excellent aid to see the extent and invasion of Macroadenomas to the surrounding structures.