Anti-lock braking systems are widely used in modern vehicles and provide safe driving for many different road conditions. Tire skidding occurs unexpectedly as a result of non-linearity in the system. The system behavior can be modelled and simulated using simulation software, which would help to visualize the system behavior. It would lead to obtaining optimum brake performance as well as safe driving. Modelling and simulation methods that can be used with every component of the system are presented. A variety of simulation software has been discussed.

CARALL hybrid material has been extensively used in the aircraft structure due to their competitive impact strength. Low velocity impact test is utilized to evaluate the impact and damage properties for such material. It is also employed to observe complex damage mechanisms. A numerical modelling is an alternative way for impact assessment. This paper investigates the impact and damage properties under low velocity impact using numerical modeling and experimental work. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model was devolved and validated with two studies from the literature. This model was meshed with solid elements. It was subjected to 2.4 m/s impact velocity and to 10 J impact energy. Absorbed energy, penetration, impact load and damage morphology were obtained. The impact energy was efficiently absorbed by the material. Both aluminum alloy layers underwent plastic deformation whereas the fiber layer failed. A macroscopic cross-sectional morphology was presented using the FE model. An agreement between the numerical and the experiment results were achieved and discussed.