Background: Upper respiratory tract (URT) obstructive disorders are a common problem among horses and are often associated with poor performance and respiratory noise during exercise. Aim: The study is proposed to visualize the upper respiratory tract of horses and donkeys by endoscopic examination, aiming to highlight and clarify the disease conditions that causing respiratory distress and subsequenly affect negatively on the work and sports ability of these animals. Materials and Methods: The present study employed the endoscopic examinations on the upper respiratory tract of 45 stallions, 30 mares, 10 foals and 38 donkeys, suffered from upper respiratory tract distresses. These animals were of various ages and weights. Results: Investigation of these animals proved that the upper respiratory tract disorders were numerous in horses and prevailing in donkeys. The pharyngeal region was more affected than the other parts of the upper respiratory tract. In addition, squamous cell carcinoma, cyst and granuloma in the guttural pouches have been taken care of, regardless of its rare occurrence. The ethmoidal glandular cyst acini, pharyngeal mycosis, and pharyngeal tonsillitis were considered critical evidences for the study. Conclusion: Endoscopy of the upper respiratory tract of horses and donkeys should be a standard diagnostic technique for all upper respiratory disorders in equine.

Background: The objective of the study to evaluate the effect of electroacupuncture during laparotomy in goats. Aim: To study the abdominal anesthesia in goats by electroacupuncture using the physiological variables, vital parameters, hematological, biochemical, cortisol hormone, pain threshold, and wound healing for laparotomy in goats. Methods: Fifteen healthy adult bucks were used to receive electroacupuncture in 10 newly selected acupoints. The data (M ± SD) were assessed at intervals (0 minutes) before induction (control group), (5 minutes), (10 minutes), (15 minutes), and (20 minutes) during induction, (30 minutes), (45 minutes), and (60 minutes) throughout surgery and (24 hours) after surgery, cortisol levels in serum at (0), (24 hours), and (72 hours) throughout laparotomy. Results: The goats of the study showed improvement in the rates of eyelid closure, head, and neck relaxation, rumen motility, and tympany which were graded into mild (+), moderate (++), and severe (+++) degrees. The respiratory rates, body temperatures, and capillary fill times were not significantly different. The total mean of hematocrit was (19.9 ± 2.68), the total mean of hemoglobin was (9.9 ± 0.94), the total mean of red blood cells was (7.9 ± 0.8), the total mean of platelets was (244,861.3 ± 138,444.8) and the total mean of SPO2 was (70.5 ± 4.6). ALT and AST showed no significance. The significant mean cortisol level was (2.6 ± 2.01) and the significant mean pain threshold level was (0.02 ± 0.03). The results proved that electroacupuncture had a lot of significant parameters. The wound healing was improved by early epithelization and immature granulation tissue (at 7 days). Thick keratinized epithelization and collagen deposition in the dermal tissue with enhanced angiogenesis (at 14 days). Mild restoration of skin and the dermal tissue was well-organized (at 21 days). Besides, well-formed scar tissue covering a highly cellular organized dermal tissue (at 28 days). Conclusions: Electroacupuncture had been considered a powerful anesthetic for abdominal surgery in goats. Moreover, wound healing proved excellent and better healing.

This study aimed to validate the effectiveness of electroacupuncture (EA), detomidine plus electroacupuncture and detomidine alone for laparoscopy in goats in terms of physiological variables, vital parameters, CBC and pain threshold. Fifteen healthy adult bucks divided into 3 groups (5 bucks/group); (group I) received electroacupuncture at 10 newly selected acupoints, (group II) get electroacupuncture plus detomidine and (group III) administered detomidine alone. The obtained data (M ±SD) were assessed at intervals (0 min.) before induction, (5 min.), (10 min.), (15 min.) and (20 min.) during induction, (30 min.), (45 min.) and (60 min.) throughout surgery and (24 hr) post-surgery, cortisol levels in serum at (0), (24 hr), and (72 hr) throughout laparoscopy. Group (I) showed improvement of the rates of eyelid closure, head and neck relaxation, rumen motility, and tympany. The respiratory rates, the body temperatures and capillary fill times for the three groups were not significantly different. Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, RBCs, Platelets and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were significant. ALT and AST showed no significance. Cortisol and pain threshold showed significant difference. Thus, electroacupuncture could be recommended for goat laparoscopic surgery as it works more potent and achieves sufficient abdominal anaesthesia superior to the other two regimes.