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This research work is related to the study of effects on properties of concrete having rice husk ash as cementitious supplementary materials. Total four mixes of concrete were done with varying percentages of rice husk as 6%, 12% and 18%. The tensile, flexural and compressive strengths that contain rice husk ash were determined by testing cubes, cylinders and beams. There was a replacement of 6%, 12% and 18% of rice husk ash in all mixes except the control mix. The concrete's flexural strength with rice husk ash increases at the beginning and at the later age (i.e., 28 days) similar to control mix; however, variation in compressive and splitting tensile strength is negligible. The optimum results are achieved with 6% replacement of cement with rice husk ash. Therefore, it was inferred that rice husk ash could be used as partial replacement of cement in concrete to produce economic concrete.

Cement-treated sand is a material used for increasing the axial and lateral capacity of the ground around piles. Piles are commonly used to carry the axial load; however, in some structures, the lateral capacity of the pile is also important. This study investigates improving the lateral capacity of a single pile using cement-treated sand. Cement-treated sand was cast using high-early-strength cement, sand and limestone powder. Displacement-controlled lateral cyclic-load tests were performed on piles embedded in sand compacted to 70% of its relative density, and on piles embedded in cement-treated sand. The volume of cement-treated sand was varied to determine its effect on the lateral capacity of the pile. The flexural stiffness of the pile also affected its lateral capacity. The lateral capacity of the pile embedded in the cement-treated sand was five times greater than that of the piles surrounded by sand. The area and depth of improved ground around the pile strongly affected the increase in the lateral capacity of the pile. The results have indicated that the use of cement-treated sand can improve the lateral capacity of the pile and volume of the improved ground should be carefully designed, keeping in mind the ground conditions.

This research work is related to the use of environment friendly materials like fibers of coir, polypropylene and jute in concrete. An economical reinforced concrete is produced by reducing the diameter of steel bar by using fiber ropes. We have examined the compressive and flexural strength of fiber-reinforced concrete. In this study, concrete mix is prepared by using coir fibers. Although instead of using only conventional steel bars, reinforced concrete behavior was investigated with the combination of polypropylene fiber and jute fiber ropes along with steel bars for a constant water binder ratio. These fiber ropes are wound around steel bar with the help of Zepoxy 300 for proper bonding of fiber ropes and steel bar. The results demonstrate that properties of concrete are enhanced by using fibers. Fiber ropes with steel bar in coir concrete increased the flexural strength and compressive strength by 6 and 7%, respectively. Furthermore, it is observed that the addition of fibers in concrete changes the cracking pattern of reinforced concrete beams.

Traffic management is a major problem in large cities of Pakistan. Pakistan is a developing country with aging infrastructure of roadways and railways. The traffic conditions are deteriorating due to inappropriate design. Traffic problems due to improper design have resulted in loss of the life and property. The main purpose of this study is to identify the existing traffic condition of Sialkot City, Pakistan at Daska, Model Town Bhed Puli and Gulistan Cinema intersection. The Sialkot City is connected with Narowal, Gujrat and Gujranwala through Metalled streets. Sixteen hours of Manual Traffic Count was conducted at each intersection. Equivalent factors for Passenger Car Unit recommended by Government of Punjab are used. Afterwards, analysis has been carried out using Signalized and unsignalized Intersection Design and Research Aid (SIDRA) software. It is observed that Level of Service (LOS) is poor and Volume Capacity Ratio (V/C) is higher for the selected intersections. In order to eliminate the issues of the selected intersection, a few enhancements are suggested and are described in detail. LOS is improved by provision of signals for Gulistan Cinema intersection and Model Town Bhed Puli intersection along with separation of slow moving vehicles by providing service lane; whereas for Daska intersection, freeway provided for traffic channelization with provision of bus bay and parking lane.