Background: Malnutrition is a worldwide problem and leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity. Under nutrition in all its forms is still common is south East Asia. Objective: To determine prevalence of malnutrition among children suffering from ARI and to find association between them. Patients and Methods: This study was carried out at DHQ Hospital Dera Ghazi Khan from December 2008 to March 2009. Study population included children from OPD and indoor of Pediatric Department. It was a descriptive cross sectional study. Total of 350 ARI patients of age 2 months-5 years, 172 girls and 178 boys were enrolled. Responses to structured questionnaires were collected from all patients. Results: Prevalence of malnutrition in age group 2 months-l year was 19%. There is increased incidence of malnutrition with increase of age. At 2 years age protein caloric malnutrition PCM was 12.5% among boys and 14% among girls. At age group 3, 4, 5, PCM was 13%, 20%, 27% respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of mal-nutrition was high at age group 1 year than 2 - 8 months, 2- 4 years while the PCM was observed as high as 25% at age group 5 years. ARI has significant relation with protein caloric Malnutrition.

Gallstones (GS) are a major health problem worldwide. Its prevalence in the adult population of the United States is about 10%, which reaches 30% in the age group over 70 years. The incidence of GS in Pakistan is 15%, which represents 22% of surgical admissions. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is accepted worldwide as the 1st line of treatment for symptomatic gallstone disease. Objective: To assess the occurrence of spilled gallstones and biliary leakage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: A prospective descriptive study was conducted in the Surgical Department of Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar for six months duration from 15 June, 2021 to 15 November, 2021. Patients with gallstones were hospitalized via outpatient department. They were admitted for the analysis after procurement of knowledgeable consent in written form. All related investigations have been performed. Eligibility for anesthesia was assessed using the ASA scoring system. Patients endured laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the data was secured in a previously designed form. Results: During the period under analysis, 150 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. 40.10 years ± 10.74 years was the mean age. The main complication in 18 cases (12%) where the largest number of stones were removed during surgery, was gallstone spillage from whom 3 (17.6%) patients were 19-29 years old, 8 patients (47.1%) were 30-40 years old, 5 (29.4%) patients were 41-50 years old and 1 patient (5.9%) was 51-60 years old and 1 (5.9%) patient were 61-70 years old. The rate of gallstone spillage was 7 (4.7%) for men and 11 (7.3%) for women. Biliary leakage occurred in 5 patients (3.3%) aged 30-40 years and in 1 (0.7%) of patients aged 41-50 years. Conclusion: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is effective and safe method in our environment and brings improved outcomes in the hands of specialists

Aim: Gallstones are responsible for many hospitalizations and surgical interventions in our local population. Our main goal was to evaluate the relationship between age and gallstones as a risk factor in our local population. Methods: Cross-sectional study of all cholecystectomy patients with prior informed consent was conducted in the department of Surgery at Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zaid Hospital (PGMI), Quetta and Bacha Khan Medical Complex, Swabi for the duration of 06 months from 15th March 2021 to 15th August 2021. The stones are divided into 3 groups according to their colour: light yellow and whitish like a cholesterol stone, black and black-brown like a pigment stone, and laminated brownish or greenish yellow as mixed stones. The collected data was statistically processed using SPSS version 21. The types of stones were correlated with the age groups of the patients using the student’s test and / or the Chi-square test as appropriate. The confidence level was defined as 95% CI and p values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The study included 100 patients 14(14%) men and 86 (86% women) with a female to male ratio of 13.2: 1, chi-square = 1190.70, p < 0.0001 and their mean age was 46.2 years (SD ± 9.4) (Range, 30 to 75 years). The most common pigment stones were found in 44 (44%). The highest incidence of gallstones was found in the age groups 41-50 and 31-40, 44% and 26%, respectively (p <0.05). Conclusion: From the study it can be concluded that age has an influence on the occurrence of gallstone disease. Keywords: Gallstone (GS); Pigment stones (PS); Mixed stones (MS); Cholesterol stones (CS);