The manual is intended for students of the Faculty of Dentistry, residents, practicing dentists of various specialties. Dedicated to current issues of laser dentistry. Developed taking into account world scientific and clinical practice, experimental, laboratory and clinical data obtained by the authors. This manual presents materials relating to modern ideas about the use of laser technology in dentistry, highlights modern methods of diagnosis and treatment, clinical cases are given.

Importance. Fractures of the orbital walls in structure of craniofacial traumatic injures occupy a special place and occur in more than 40 %. The complexity of the structure, the proximity of the vision organ location causes difficulties in diagnostics and treatment of these patients. Often surgical treatment is carried out with using of standard implants that must be manually and directly modeled during the surgical intervention. Such numerous manipulations with implant develop negative effect on strength, that reduces predictability of the results and causes various postoperative complications in 20 % of cases. The goal — is to conduct a systematic analysis of domestic and foreign literary sources to determine development prospects, improve diagnostic methods and treat orbital fractures. Methodology. A case-control or cohort study was reviewed with a very low risk of mixing effects and average probability of causal relationship. Conclusions. Surgical treatment of fractures of the facial middle zone, the orbital walls is a difficult task for surgeons. The great number of reconstructive materials and implants on the market provide a wide range of choices depending on the preferences of the surgeon and patient, that’s based on the specific clinical situation. However determining the ideal material for reconstructing of orbital walls is still an open question. Results. Digital and additive technologies have great perspectives in diagnostic and treatment of trauma of the face middle zone. However a number of tasks requires to introduce and adapt rapid prototyping technologies in practical healthcare, which will allow significant progress in the diagnostics and treatment of facial skeleton fractures.

Nowadays, the relevance of the diagnosis and treatment of facial bones, especially the midfacial region, is undoubted. According to scientific literature, the incidence of facial bone fractures is up to 16% in the total structure of fractures [5, 10, 13]. Such injuries can lead to aesthetic disorders in the form of various post-traumatic deformities, often disfiguring the face of patients, as well as lead to functional disorders of varying severity. According to variability of traumatic injuries of the facial bones, polymorphism of clinical manifestations, as well as the aesthetic and functional significance of the area under consideration, the need to individualize the medical and diagnostic process is formed [7–9, 11, 14, 15, 17]. The individualization of the approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients is gaining more and more popularity and today is one of the more significant vectors for the development of practical medicine, opening new horizons for specialists in various fields of medical science. One of the most interest directions of this approach is the use of additive manufacturing technologies. Additive prototyping and virtual modeling open up wide possibilities for customizing diagnostics and treatment in accordance with a specific clinical situation. Modern computer modeling technologies enable representatives of various medical specialties, including maxillofacial surgeons, not only to be limited to preoperative planning using virtual prototypes of defective zones and also to model structures that replace various bone defects based on additive technologies by printing of high-precision physical models of the damaged zone. In turn, the presence of such means of visualization of injury areas already at the preoperative stage makes it possible to develop individualized augments of bony defects, taking into account all the features of the anatomical structures of a particular patient [1–4, 6, 16]. The article deals on the results of a comparative study of the effectiveness of surgical treatment of maxillary fractures in the orbital region using an algorithm based on the use of additive manufacturing technologies and traditional methods.

Today, 16% of all traumatic injuries occur in the area of the facial skeleton. The social-economic component of this problem is also important, because in most cases such injuries are received by representatives of the able-bodied population [4]. The area of interest requires special attention due to the proximity of vital anatomical structures, as well as its aesthetic significance, which will determine the quality of social rehabilitation of patients with craniofacial injuries, especially the midfacial region. The complexity of the facial skeleton structures, massive vascularization and innervation of the craniofacial region in many cases are the causes of difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment processes in patients with facial injuries, which negatively affects the quality of medical care and further rehabilitation, social adaptation [1-25]. Introduction of digital technologies such as computer modeling and 3D-printing into the processes of diagnosis and treatment in patients with craniofacial fractures allows minimizing the number of possible mistakes even at the stage of primary diagnosis, planning the upcoming surgical intervention and modeling a high-precision individualized augment for replacing bony defects [8]. Digitalization of diagnostic and treatment procedures will, in turn, bring the accuracy of the reconstruction to a fundamentally new level, reduce the duration of treatment and rehabilitation, including social rehabilitation [4]. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the traditional algorithm for diagnosing and treating maxillary fractures in region of orbital floor using a standard titanium mesh, as well as its improved version, improved by the use of 3D modeling and printing technologies.