The economic approaches for manufacturing the nanoparticles with physical and chemical effects and limited resistance to antibiotics have been progressed recently due to the rise of microbial resistance to antibiotics. This research aimed to study the antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles Ag, ZnO, and Tio2 nanoparticles against Salmonella typhimurium and Brucella abortus and Candida albicans. Two isolates of Salmonella and two isolates of Brucella abortus were isolated from food spastically meat and blood specimens, respectively. Candida albicans were isolated from the patient's mouth with oral candidiasis (oral thrush) and confirmed diagnosis by API 20C test. The antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium and B. abortus isolates were performed against nine different antibiotics. Silver nanoparticles consisting of AgNPs size (90) nm, ZnO NPs size (20, 50) nm as well as TiO2 NPs size (10, 50) nm, were used. UV-Visible spectrophotometer was used to characterize silver nanoparticles. The highest resistance of Candida albicans was seen for fluconazole, Clotrimazole and Itraconazole. The results of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of nanoparticles against Salmonella typhimurium showed the average MIC of Tio2-10nm and Tio2-50nm were 5000 and 2500 ?g\ml for S1 and S2 isolates, respectively. The isolated Brucella abortus (B1 and B2) showed sensitivity to NPs with different MIC. The average MIC for Ag-90nm was 5000 and 2500 µg/ml for B1 and B2 isolates, respectively. The findings suggest Ag solution has fungicidal and bactericidal impacts on the tested microorganisms so they can be suitable for multiple applications of the biomedical field such as developing new antimicrobial agents.

Background: The bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), are the main reasons for urinary tract infections (UTIs). This research aimed to investigate the isolation of etiologic agents from patients with UTI; it also investigates the antibiotic resistance activities and incidence of ESBL genes between different clinical separates of uropathogenic E. coli, determining their association with ESBL genes. Methods: The study enrolled 1000 positive growth isolates. The predominant pathogen associated with urinary tract infection, Gram-negative, were the main isolates from UTI patients, including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Results: Among suspicious cases of urinary tract infection, we showed that 15.2% of the patients had UTI, and female patients in the childbearing age group were more affected. 644 E. coli (64.4%) and 322 (32.2%) K. pneumoniae were more isolated. Among 936 (93.6%) ESBL producing bacteria, 614 (61.4 %) E. coli showedhigh resistance to the antibiotics, Cefotaxime (85.7 %), Cefepime (85.7 %), Ciprofloxacin (83.1 %) and Kanamycin (77.9 %). Most ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Nitrofurantoin, gentamycin, and imipenem were the most effective antibiotics for ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Conclusion: This study shows that the high rates of MDR Escherichia coli infection in our hospital were frequentative reasons for UTI. Nitrofurantoin and aminoglycosides were the most beneficial first-line drugs to be applied in the cases of UTI. It is recommended to conduct regular investigations on the drug resistance of all isolates and formulate helpful antibiotic treatment policies in China. It is important to determine the prevalence of ESBL in urine E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates because it has a great influence on the selection of suitable antibacterial agents. In short, more than half of ESBL producers have multiple drug resistance (MDR).

IntroductionThe origin of preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder unique to pregnancy is still a matter of debate and numerous theories have suggested. The pathophysiology of the disease involves impaired trophoblast invasive, abnormal genetic polymorphism, vascular endothelial cell activation, immune tolerance by the maternal immune system and an exaggeration of a systematic inflammatory process. Background and Objective: Fragmentary evidence suggests that trophoblast viral infection may play a role in placental dysfunction leading to complications like Preeclampsia. Among these, placental exposure to CMV induces an inflammatory response that precedes invasive trophoblast cell death. This study aimed to assess the frequency of anti-CMV IgG seropositivity and IL2 level in serum in patients with preeclampsia compared to normotensive control pregnant women. Methods: A total of 90 women were enrolled, of which 60 had preeclampsia and 30 normotensive pregnant women as the control. A serum sample was collected from each subject and was investigated for anti-CMV IgG serostatus and IL-2 concentration using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) based kits. Results: In preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women, 33.3% and 16.6% of the tested sera were seropositive for anti CMV IgG antibodies respectively (P = 0.136). Early onset preeclamptic women revealed a high frequency of anti-CMV seropositivity (80%) when compared with late onset Preeclampsia (20%). Cytokine assessment revealed a higher IL-2 level in preeclamptic women seropositive for anti-CMV IgG although statistically was not significant (P = 0.14), but in normotensive women, the IL-2 level was significantly higher in sera seropositive for anti-CMV IgG (P = 0.02). Conclusion: This study delineates a high frequency of anti-CMV IgG antibodies particularly those with early onset preeclampsia; with no significant difference for the IL-2 level.

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