Cystic echinococcosis is a public health problem in developing countries that practice sheep breeding extensively. In the current study, the protoscolicidal activity of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from Mentha longifolia L. leaf extracts was investigated. The resultant ZnO NPs were characterized by means of various analytical techniques, such as ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The results showed that the ZnO NP had the highest scolicidal activity at 400 ppm concentration after 150 min of exposure time, showing 100% mortality rate. The treated protoscolices exhibited loss of viability with several morphological alterations. Hence, an easy and effective green synthesis of ZnO NPs, with efficient scolicidal potential, is reported in this study.

One hundred fifty six samples collected included: urinary tract infections, wounds, pus, burns and tonsils from patients coming to Rizgary Teaching Hospital and Rozhawa Hospital in Erbil city from March to September 2013, scrubbed and confirmed the diagnosis (33) strain which belongs to Klebsiella pneumoniae and by (21.2%) based on cultural characteristics, microscopically features and biochemical tests in addition to the API -20E.These strains sensitivity to 12 types of antibiotics. It gave the species a high resistance against the Ampicillin (AM / 10µg) by 100% and resistant to Amoxicillin (AX / 25µg)by (94%) were less resistant to Cephalothin (KF/30µg),Ceftriaxone (CRO/30µg), Cefotaxime(CTX/30µg) by (36.4,30.3,27.3%) respectively Ten isolates were selected according to their pattern of the highest resistance as these showing multi-drug resistances and tested to specify their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the antibiotics and two types of Nanoparticles include Silver in different sizes (20, 90)nm and titanium dioxide in different sizes (10, 50, 100)nm. The results showed that the MIC for Ag 20nm was between (650 -2600) µg/ml and the MIC for Ag 90nm was between (325 -2600) µg/ml but the MIC for TiO 2 10, 100nm between (325-2600) µg/ml, MIC of TiO 2 50nm between (81.25-2600) µg/ml. Synergism effect between the antibiotics and the Nanoparticles when they integrate increased their effect of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Morphological changes of bacteria found using scanning electron microscope (SEM) when treating with Nanoparticles. While there a pressure on the bacterial cell surface with losing of bacterial compound.

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The economic approaches for manufacturing the nanoparticles with physical and chemical effects and limited resistance to antibiotics have been progressed recently due to the rise of microbial resistance to antibiotics. This research aimed to study the antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles Ag, ZnO, and Tio2 nanoparticles against Salmonella typhimurium and Brucella abortus and Candida albicans. Two isolates of Salmonella and two isolates of Brucella abortus were isolated from food spastically meat and blood specimens, respectively. Candida albicans were isolated from the patient's mouth with oral candidiasis (oral thrush) and confirmed diagnosis by API 20C test. The antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium and B. abortus isolates were performed against nine different antibiotics. Silver nanoparticles consisting of AgNPs size (90) nm, ZnO NPs size (20, 50) nm as well as TiO2 NPs size (10, 50) nm, were used. UV-Visible spectrophotometer was used to characterize silver nanoparticles. The highest resistance of Candida albicans was seen for fluconazole, Clotrimazole and Itraconazole. The results of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of nanoparticles against Salmonella typhimurium showed the average MIC of Tio2-10nm and Tio2-50nm were 5000 and 2500 ?g\ml for S1 and S2 isolates, respectively. The isolated Brucella abortus (B1 and B2) showed sensitivity to NPs with different MIC. The average MIC for Ag-90nm was 5000 and 2500 µg/ml for B1 and B2 isolates, respectively. The findings suggest Ag solution has fungicidal and bactericidal impacts on the tested microorganisms so they can be suitable for multiple applications of the biomedical field such as developing new antimicrobial agents.

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