Introduction: Specific and targeted intervention is needed to reduce the relatively high maternal mortality and morbidity in Indonesia. The apparent rural-urban disparities might require different intervention strategies. Therefore, this study aims to assess patterns and sociodemographic determinants of selfreported maternal morbidity in rural and urban areas. Methods: Data from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey 2012 were analyzed. In this cross-sectional survey, maternal morbidity status and sociodemographic factors were obtained through questionnaire-based interviews. Women who completed the maternal morbidity questionnaire were included in the analyses (n=12 679). Descriptive statistics were used to assess differences in proportion; mixed-effects regression was used to evaluate the association between sociodemographic factors and maternal morbidity. Results: Approximately 53.3% of women reported experiencing pregnancy and/or labor complications, with a lower proportion in rural areas (51.3%) than in urban areas (55.1%). The patterns of pregnancy morbidities were similar for rural and urban women.The highest proportion of pregnancy morbidity was classified as 'other', followed by 'bleeding'. There were slight differences in the type of labor morbidities. Compared to urban women, women in rural areas had a higher prevalence of bleeding and infection, but a significantly lower prevalence of pregnancy rupture of membrane. Nulliparity was a dominant factor for self-reported maternal morbidity. Younger urban, but not rural, women represented a higher proportion of maternal morbidity. In urban areas, women with social disadvantage represented a higher proportion of morbidity. However, in rural areas, a higher prevalence of maternal morbidity was seen in women of higher socioeconomic status. These rural-urban disparities might be partially caused by differences in knowledge of maternal morbidities and sociodemographic status between rural and urban women. Conclusions: This study found similar patterns of pregnancy morbidity, but slight differences in labor morbidity patterns. Specific interventions for major maternal complications within rural or urban areas are important. There were also differences in the proportion of self-reported maternal complications by sociodemographic factors, which might be caused by differences in reporting. Intervention to improve knowledge and awareness of maternal complication is needed, specifically for socially disadvantaged women and women living in rural areas.

Wulan Coffee Agroindustry is one of agroindustries in region of Bondowoso that applies the semi-wet method and it has potential to be certified by Geographical Indications (IG). The wastes of arabica coffee processing at Wulan Coffee Agroindustry is directly thrown to the surrounding environment without being repaired first, because of that, it is worried that can affect human health and the environment. Therefore, further treatment is necessary to reduce the impact of waste pollutions and improve the efficiency of processing by using cleaner production technology. This study aimed to examine the priority alternative of cleaner production at Wulan Coffee Agroindustry. The method used in this study is descriptive quantitative with mass balance analysis, energy balance analysis, feasibility analysis, and priority analysis of cleaner production application using the method of AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process). The waste management alternative in the Wulan Coffee Agroindustry were coffee pulp waste processing i.e. cascara tea, briquettes, and animal feed, also the waste water of coffee processing as biogas. The cleaner production applied in the Wulan Coffee Agroindustry had alternatives likes coffee green bean, coffee powder, and cascara tea. It was the priority scale to be applied because technically factor and financial factor consist of NPV, IRR, B/C ratio, and PBP were Rp 1.211.88.689; 49%; 6.27, and 0.76 or 9 month. Therefore, the result of AHP analysis using expert choice application showed that cascara tea was the priority alternative of cleaner production application with value of 15,4. Keyword: arabica coffee, assessment, Bondowoso, feasibility analysis, waste utilization

Anemia is still a public health problem in the world and in Indonesia. WHO (2008) reported more than 75% of anemia in Asia is iron deficiency and 63.5% anemia in Indonesia is caused by lack of nutrition. Previous studies described that lead (Plumbum /Pb) can decrease hemoglobin levels. Sriwedari markets book sellers and Solo Wholesale Centers street vendors are susceptible populations exposed to Pb as a result of motor vehicle exhaust. Approximately 70% of Pb in vehicle exhausts emissions are emitted into the air. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Pb exposure on blood Pb concentration and hemoglobin levels. This study was a quantitative observational analytic study with cross sectional design conducted in 2015-2016 at Sriwedari Market. Samples were 97 respondents obtained through random sampling and Spearman correlation was used for data analysis. Result showed that there were association between Pb exposure in the air and blood Pb levels (p=0,000; r=0,606) and blood Pb levels and hemoglobin levels (p=0,000; r=-0,623)

BACKGROUND: Carbon monoxide (CO) is an emission that comes from incomplete combustion of oxygen and fuel in vehicles. Carbon monoxide can affect human health. It binds hemoglobin (Hb) to form COHb bond. People who work near heavy traffic are at risk for CO exposure. This study aimed to examine the correlation between exposure to carbon monoxide and hemoglobin level among street food vendors at Gladag food market, Surakarta. SUBJECT AND METHODS:This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. A random sample of 38 street food vendors at Gladag food market Surakarta. Carbon monoxide was measured by CO meter. Hemoglobin was measured by spectrophotometry. Spearman correlation was used to show the correlation between exposure to carbon monoxide and hemoglobin level among street food vendors. RESULTS: There was positive weak correlation between exposure to carbon monoxide and hemoglobin level among street food vendors, and it was not statistically significant (r=0.15; p=0.362). CONCLUSION: There was positive weak correlation between exposure to carbon monoxide and hemoglobin level among street food vendors.