Approximately 6.8 million people die annually because of problems related to the central nervous system (CNS), and out of them, approximately 1 million people are affected by neurodegenerative diseases that include Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and Parkinson’s disease. CNS problems are a primary concern because of the complexity of the brain. There are various drugs available to treat CNS disorders and overcome problems with toxicity, specificity, and delivery. Barriers like the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are a challenge, as they do not allow therapeutic drugs to cross and reach their target. Researchers have been searching for ways to allow drugs to pass through the BBB and reach the target sites. These problems highlight the need of nanotechnology to alter or manipulate various processes at the cellular level to achieve the desired attributes. Due to their nanosize, nanoparticles are able to pass through the BBB and are an effective alternative to drug administration and other approaches. Nanotechnology has the potential to improve treatment and diagnostic techniques for CNS disorders and facilitate effective drug transfer. With the aid of nanoengineering, drugs could be modified to perform functions like transference across the BBB, altering signaling pathways, targeting specific cells, effective gene transfer, and promoting regeneration and preservation of nerve cells. The involvement of a nanocarrier framework inside the delivery of several neurotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of neurological diseases is reviewed in this study.

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Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is characterized as an opportunistic multidrug-resistant, aerobic, glucose non-fermentative, and oxidative-negative coccobacilli bacteria. This life-threatening nosocomial infection is associated with immunocompromised patients. Objective: This review aims to investigate the multiple drug resistance mechanisms and new emerging diagnostics & treatments for Acinetobacter baumannii. Methods: All the articles that were most relevant to A. baumannii virulence and drug resistance mechanisms were founded by a literature search on PubMed. Google Patents were used to find discoveries related to diagnostics & treatment. Results: Efflux pumps, β-lactamases, aminoglycosidases, outer membrane proteins, and alteration of the target sites were identified in Acinetobacter baumannii pathogen as the most prevalent drug resistance mechanisms. Gene detection, peptide detection, and antigen-antibody associated detection were found to be the latest diagnostics. Novel antimicrobial peptides, sterilization techniques using blue light, and combination therapies are being developed to effectively treat A. baumannii infections. Conclusion: This review concludes that new drugs and formulations with high efficiency, low cytotoxicity, and no nephrotoxicity are in absolute need. In the near future, we can expect omics technology to play a significant role in the discovery of new drugs and potential targets.

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