Most of maternal deaths are preventable, and one-quarter of maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Prenatal screening is essential for detecting and managing pre-eclampsia. However, pre-eclampsia screening is solely based on maternal risk factors and has low (< 5% in the USA) detection rates. This review looks at pre-eclampsia from engineering, public health, and medical points of view. First, pre-eclampsia is defined clinically, and the biological basis of established risk factors is described. The multiple theories behind pre-eclampsia etiology should serve as the scientific basis behind established risk factors for pre-eclampsia; however, African American race does not have sufficient evidence as a risk factor. We then briefly describe predictive statistical models that have been created to improve screening detection rates, which use a combination of biophysical and biochemical biomarkers, as well as aspects of patient medical history as inputs. Lastly, technologies that aid in advancing pre-eclampsia screening worldwide are explored. The review concludes with suggestions for more robust pre-eclampsia research, which includes diversifying study sites, improving biomarker analytical tools, and for researchers to consider studying patients before they become pregnant to improve pre-eclampsia detection rates. Additionally, researchers must acknowledge the systemic racism involved in using race as a risk factor and include qualitative measures in study designs to capture the effects of racism on patients. Lay Summary Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder that can affect almost every organ system and complicates 2–8% of pregnancies globally. Here, we focus on the biological basis of the risk factors that have been identified for the condition. African American race currently does not have sufficient evidence as a risk factor and has been poorly studied. Current clinical methods poorly predict a patient’s likelihood of developing pre-eclampsia; thus, researchers have made statistical models that are briefly described in this review. Then, low-cost technologies that aid in advancing pre-eclampsia screening are discussed. The review ends with suggestions for research direction to improve pre-eclampsia screening in all settings. Overall, we suggest that the future of pre-eclampsia screening should aim to identify those at risk before they become pregnant. We also suggest that the clinical standard of assessing patient risk solely on patient characteristics needs to be reevaluated, that study locations of pre-eclampsia research need to be expanded beyond a few high-income countries, and that low-cost technologies should be developed to increase access to prenatal screening.

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Plasma has significant utility as an input for diagnostics and screening for conditions such as viral infections, cancer, and more. However, plasma is difficult to obtain at the point-of-care, as separation from whole blood is typically carried out via centrifugation. We have designed and optimized a low-cost, simple-to-operate microfluidic device which carries out the separation of plasma from whole blood. The device utilizes depth filtration as its separation mechanism and collects plasma via capillary action, allowing for operation without components that drive flow externally. We first optimized device dimensions and operating parameters and demonstrated consistent separation efficiencies for the samples with hematocrits ranging from 25–65%. The impact of input sample hematocrit percentage on flow rate through the device was also examined, with samples with hematocrits greater than 45% decreasing plasma flow rate. Lastly, we evaluated the ability of this device to produce plasma with a high protein concentration and found no significant difference between protein levels in samples from the device compared to samples produced via centrifugation. This system produced plasma with a maximum separation efficiency of 88.5% and achieved a maximum plasma volume of ∼14 μl from a 50 μl whole blood input. The low cost, simplicity of operation, and high plasma quality associated with this device give it many advantages in a point-of-care setting. This device could be integrated into plasma-based diagnostic workflows to increase access to various types of disease testing and monitoring.