The genus Flavivirus, which contains approximately 70 single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses, represents a unique model for studying the evolution of vector-borne disease, as it includes viruses that are mosquito-borne, tick-borne or have no known vector. Both theoretical work and field studies suggest the existence of a large number of undiscovered flaviviruses. Recently, the first isolation of cell fusing agent virus (CFAV) was reported from a natural mosquito population in Puerto Rico, and sequences related to CFAV have been discovered in mosquitoes from Thailand. CFAV had previously been isolated from a mosquito cell line in 1975 and represented the only known ‘insect-only’ flavivirus, appearing to replicate in insect cells alone. A second member of the ‘insect-only’ group, Kamiti River virus (KRV), was isolated from Kenyan mosquitoes in 2003. A third tentative member of the ‘insect-only’ group, Culex flavivirus (CxFV), was first isolated in 2007 from Japan and further strains have subsequently been reported from the Americas. We report the discovery, isolation and characterization of two novel ‘insect-only’ flaviviruses from Entebbe, Uganda: a novel lineage tentatively designated Nakiwogo virus (NAKV) and a new strain of CxFV. The individual mosquitoes from which these strains were isolated, identified retrospectively by using a reference molecular phylogeny generated using voucher specimens from the region, were Mansonia africana nigerrima and Culex quinquefasciatus, respectively. This represents the first isolation, to our knowledge, of a novel insect-only flavivirus from a Mansonia species and the first isolation of a strain of CxFV from Africa.

Abstract. The species richness of the frugivorous fruit fly fauna of western African (in particular of Ivory Coast, Ghana, togo, Benin and Nigeria) is discussed. the diversity is compared at a national level and between the ecoregions within the national boundaries of the study area. A new species, Dacus goergeni sp. nov. is described and additional taxonomic notes are presented.

Seventeen new species are described: Dacus abruptus, D. acutus, D. albiseta, D. brunnalis, D. insolitus, D. kaplanae, D. kurrensis, D. luteovittatus, D. magnificus, D. pseudapostata, D. pseudomirificus, D. senegalensis, D. transversalis, D. velutifrons, D. vestigivittatus, D. xanthinus, D. yaromi. Two species have changed status: D. devure Hancock is newly placed as a synonym of D. africanus Adams; D. mochii Bezzi stat.rev. is removed from synonymy with D. annulatus Becker and redescribed. Two subgeneric changes are made: D. nairobensis White and D. seguyi (Munro) are placed in sg. Lophodacus [both from sg. Didacus]. New descriptive data are presented for several species; these include first known male of D. gabonensis White, D. parvimaculatus White, D. seguyi and D. semisphaereus Becker; first known female of D. blepharogaster Bezzi, D. merzi White and D. nairobensis White. Revised host data are presented for Bactrocera mesomelas (Bezzi), and new male lure data for D. congoensis White, D. fuscovittatus Graham and D. pleuralis Collart. New country records are listed for a further sixteen species.

Seven new species of Euphranta Loew are described, viz., Euphranta dysoxyli David, sp. nov., E. hyalipennis David & Freidberg, sp. nov, E. diffusa David, sp. nov., E. haldwanica Hancock & Goodger, sp. nov. and E. thandikudi David, sp. nov. from India; E. neochrysopila David, Freidberg, Hancock & Goodger, sp. nov. from Sri Lanka and E. ridleyi Hancock & Goodger, sp. nov. from Singapore. Notes are provided on the identities of E. corticicola (Hering) and E. klugii (Wiedemann); E. signatifacies Hardy is synonymised with E. klugii; E. dissoluta (Bezzi) and E. burtoni Hardy are synonymised with E. crux (Fabricius) and Dimeringophrys parilis (Hardy) is reinstated as a valid species. Coelotrypes latilimbatus (Enderlein), Dimeringophrys pallidipennis Hardy, D. parilis (Hardy) and Hardyadrama excoecariae Lee are newly recorded from India, E. crux from Sri Lanka and E. klugii from Indonesia. An unnamed species of Coelopacidia Enderlein from India is illustrated. An illustrated key to species of Euphranta Loew fromIndia is also provided.

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