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Vaccination or even natural mumps infection did not always induce both cellular and humoral immunity.

In response to atherogenic stimuli, blood monocytes transmigrate across the vascular endothelium not only through endothelial cell-cell junctions (para-cellular) but also through endothelial cells themselves (trans-cellular). The molecular mechanism of the latter is mostly unknown, because it rarely happens, especially in vitro. Although many reports have recognized trans-cellular migration from snapshot images of leukocytes halfway across the endothelium at non-junctional locations, it often produces a false-positive result, because some leukocytes that initiate trans-cellular migration withdraw and return to the apical endothelial surface. Thus, analyzing the entire process is essential. In this study, complete monocyte trans-cellular migration was successfully captured for live cells, with simultaneous visualization of endothelial PECAM-1. We suggest the possible existence of both PECAM-1-related migration at peri-junctional sites and PECAM-1-unrelated migration at sites remote from junctions. This is the first report to describe the entire process of monocyte trans-cellular migration for live cells and its relationship with endothelial PECAM-1.

No abstract