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OBJECTIVES: The concentration of the substances eluted from the gum into saliva before and after swallowing has not almost carried out. The purpose of this study was to measure the volume of saliva before (VMAX) and after (RESID) swallowing in the mouth and was also to measure the concentration of the component (sugar) eluted from the gum chewing. METHODS: The RESID was measured by a dilution method (Lagerlof and Dawes, 1984). It was computed by measuring the potassium concentration in saliva and in the expectorated after a five-second rinse with 10 ml of water immediately following a swallow. The volume swallowed was calculated as salivary flow rate divided by the swallowing frequency, and the VMAX was estimated as the sum of RESID and the volume of saliva swallowed. Swallows were registered by placing over the larynx an electrode which was connected to an EMG. The volume of sugar contained in the gum was 74.8% as a total weight of the gum. Subjects were seven males and 13 females who were all in good health for measuring the RESID and VMAX. For each of the six participants of them, the concentration of sugar in saliva expectorated was measured by frame photometer. RESULTS: VMAX, swallowing frequency and the volume of fluid swallowed increased as comparing with the values when the salivary flow rate was unstimulated. The mean volume of sugar in expectorated saliva as a percentage of the initial weight of sugar contained during gum chewing at the first swallowing was ‫%83.5ע5.61‬ and at the 10th swallowing was ‫ע67.0‬ 0.06%. These were 3.6 times and 1.8 times of those of unstimulated saliva, respectively. flow rate peaked in the initial minutes of chewing and then fell with time towards a relatively constant value about three times greater than unstimulated flow rate. A recent study by Dawes and Kubieniec 3) also reported that when with the chewing-gums the flow rate increased initially and then, after 35-40 min, fell to similar plateau values which remained significantly higher than initial unstimulated flow rate and significantly higher than the flow rate at the corresponding time intervals when only unstimulated saliva was collected. They concluded that during prolonged chewing-gum use, both salivary flow rates and pH remained significantly above the values for

Objective: The mental health issues of personnel dealing with the deceased at times of disasters is a problem and techniques are needed that allow for real-time, easy-to-use stress checks. We have studied techniques for measuring mental state using voice analysis which has the benefit of being non-invasive, easy-to-use, and can be performed in real-time. For this study, we used voice measurement to determine the stress experienced during body identification training workshops for dentists. We studied whether or not stress levels were affected by having previous experience with body identification either in actual disaster settings or during training.Design: Since participants training using actual dead bodies in particular are expected to suffer higher stress exposure, we also assessed their mental state pre- and post-training using actual dead bodies.Results: The results confirmed marked differences in the mental state between before and after training in participants without any actual experience, between participants who engaged in training using manikins before actual dead bodies and participants who did not.Conclusions: These results suggest that, in body identification training, the level of stress when coming into contact with dead bodies varies depending on participants’ experience and the training sequence. Moreover, it is believed that voice-based stress assessment can be conducted in the limited time during training sessions and that it can be usefully implemented in actual disaster response settings.