No abstract

This paper reports the Sentry autonomous underwater vehicle and its deployment on two cruises in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The first cruise, in June 2010, coupled Sentry with the TETHYS mass spectrometer to track and localize a subsea hydrocarbon plume at a depth of approximately 1100m going at least 30km from the oil spill site. In December 2010, Sentry mapped and photographed deep-sea biological communities for follow-up observations and sampling with the Alvin manned submersible. These cruises demonstrate how robots and novel sensing technologies contributed to the oil spill assessment and the broader impact of technologies developed for basic research.

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are commonly used to support oceanographic science by providing water-column mapping, seafloor bathymetric and photographic survey, and deep-sea exploration capabilities. In practice, the mapping activities carried out by AUVs consist of flying either pre-programmed tracklines (most propeller-driven AUVs), or else reporting data to human operators at regular intervals that permit retasking (typical for month-long underwater glider deployments). AUVs equipped with the ability to reason about scientific objectives in real time could significantly increase the value of individual deployments by enabling sampling efforts to be focused on targets or areas identified autonomously or semi-autonomously as scientifically interesting [1]. In this paper, we focus on AUV autonomy as it pertains to watercolumn sensing and argue that the classification of water-column sensor data represents an important enabling capability. We demonstrate practical, semi-supervised classification of watercolumn sensor data using a particular Bayesian, non-parametric clustering method, the Variational Dirichlet Process, combined with operator-supplied semantic labeling. The method is applied to the detection of a deep subsea hydrocarbon plume using data collected by the Woods Hole Oceanographic's Sentry AUV during an expedition to the Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon blowout disaster.

Definition: Leucocyte‐depleted blood components must contain < 5 × 106 leucocytes per unit (red cells) or adult therapeutic dose (platelets). Practical aspects: To achieve residual leucocyte counts of < 5 × 106, leucocyte‐depletion should be carried out under controlled conditions, ideally within 48 h from the collection of the donor unit. The preparation of leucocyte‐depleted blood components should be subject to a quality monitoring programme designed to assure 100% compliance. Indications for leucocyte‐depleted blood components RECOMMENDED Febrile nonhaemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs) 1 To prevent recurrent FNHTRs after red‐cell transfusions, buffy coat‐depleted red‐cell concentrates should be used, if they are available, or alternatively red‐cell concentrates filtered at the bedside. 2 If FNHTRs continue despite these measures, leucocyte‐depleted red‐cell concentrates should be used. 3 To prevent FNHTRs in patients likely to be dependent on long‐term red‐cell support, the use of buffy‐coat‐depleted or bedside filtered red‐cell concentrates should be considered from the outset of transfusion support. 4 The routine use of pooled platelets derived from buffy coats is associated with a low incidence of FNHTRs. The use of platelet concentrates leucocyte‐depleted prior to storage is recommended for patients with reactions despite the use of such components. Bedside filtration of platelet concentrates is not recommended for the prevention of FNHTRs associated with platelet transfusions. Reducing graft rejection after haemopoietic cell transplantation: Patients with severe aplastic anaemia who are potential haemopoietic cell transplant recipients should receive leucocyte‐depleted blood components from the beginning of transfusion support. The same might apply to patients with haemoglobinopathies, but more evidence is required before a definite recommendation can be made. Prevention of transmission of viral infections by blood transfusion: Leucocyte‐depletion of blood components is an effective alternative to the use of CMV‐seronegative blood components for the prevention of transfusion‐transmitted CMV infection to at‐risk patients. Fetal/neonatal transfusions: Leucocyte‐depleted blood components should be used for intrauterine transfusions and for all transfusions to infants below 1 year of age. POSSIBLE Platelet refractoriness: There is currently no convincing evidence that routine leucocyte‐depletion of blood components produces clinical benefits for patients receiving multiple platelet transfusions, although HLA alloimmunization and platelet refractoriness are reduced. Kidney transplants: Pretransplant blood transfusion may confer some benefit to renal transplant recipients, although some patients will become alloimmunized leading to difficulties in the selection of donor kidneys. Consideration should be given to the leucocyte‐depletion of transfusions to renal transplant patients to prevent HLA alloimmunization unless they are part of a deliberate pretransplant immunosuppression protocol. Immunomodulation...

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