BACKGROUND Spinal stenosis is one of the most common conditions in the elderly. It is defined as a narrowing of the spinal canal. The term stenosis is derived from the Greek word for narrow, which is "Stenos". The first description of this condition is attributed to Antoine portal in 1803. Verbiest is credited with coining the term spinal stenosis and the associated narrowing of the spinal canal as its potential cause. [1-10] Kirkaldy-Willis subsequently described the degenerative cascade in the lumbar spine as the cause for the altered anatomy and pathophysiology in spinal stenosis. [11-15] If compression does not occur, the canal should be described as narrow but not stenotic. Some studies defined lumbar spinal stenosis as a "narrowing of the osteoligamentous vertebral canal and/or the intervertebral foramina causing compression of the thecal sac and/or the caudal nerve roots; at a single vertebral level, narrowing may affect the whole canal or part of it" (Postacchini 1983). This definition distinguished between disc herniation and stenosis. [16]. The most common type of spinal stenosis is caused by degenerative arthritis of the spine. Hypertrophy and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament which usually are confined to the cervical spine, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) syndrome also may result in an acquired form of spinal stenosis. Congenital forms caused by disorders such as achondroplasia and dysplastic spondylolisthesis are much less common. Congenital spinal stenosis usually is central and is evident or imaging studies. Idiopathic congenital narrowing usually involves the anteroposterior dimension of the canal secondary to short pedicles; the patient otherwise is normal. In contrast, in achondroplasia, the canal is narrowed in the anteroposterior plane owing to shortened pedicles and in lateral dimension because of diminished interpedicular distance. Acquired forms of spinal stenosis usually are degenerative. This process is most commonly localised to the facet joints and ligamentum flavum, with the resultant arthritic changes in the joints visible on radiographic studies. Frequently, these abnormalities are symmetrical and bilateral. The L4-L5 level is the most commonly involved, followed by L5-S1 and L3-L4 disc herniation and spondylolisthesis may exacerbate the narrowing further.

To study safety and benefits of bilateral cataract surgery in a tertiary care ophthalmic centre of multi-specialty hospital in bilateral cataract cases DESIGN: Prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study done during May 2011 to Feb. 2012. A total 166 subjects underwent Bilateral Small Incision Cataract Surgery (SICS). Out of 166 subjects 83 subjects underwent Immediate Simultaneous Sequential Bilateral Cataract Surgery (ISBCS) in the same sitting, 83 subjects underwent bilateral cataract surgery at the interval of 48 hours Delayed simultaneous bilateral cataract surgery (DSBCS). RESULTS: All had uneventful convalescence, single hospital admission and simultaneous Bilateral Visual recovery. CONCLUSION: No case had post-operative sight threatening infections. Subjective motivation for ISBCS better than DSBCS as it was single OT visit and one time surgery KEYWORDS: Bilateral, simultaneous, immediate simultaneous bilateral cataract surgery. Delayed simultaneous bilateral cataract surgery. INTRODUCTION: Globally, the number of people of all ages visually impaired is estimated to be 285 million, of whom 39 million are blind. People 50 years and older represent 65% and 82% of visually impaired and blind, respectively. The major causes of visual impairment are uncorrected refractive errors (43%) followed by cataract (33%). 1. Blindness due to cataract often bilateral presents an enormous problem in India not only in terms of human morbidity but also in terms of economic loss and social burden. The main causes of blindness in India are as follows:-Cataract (62.60%) Refractive Error (19.70%) Corneal Blindness (0.90%), Glaucoma

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The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of positive serology among patients who underwent elective cataract surgery. METHODS: Retrospective study of 800 cases who underwent thorough laboratory work up as a part of clinical study. 490 were male (61.25%) and 310(38.75%) were female. 35 cases (4.37%) were positive for serology. Hepatitis A in 9(1.13%) cases , Hepatitis B in 6 (0.75%)cases ,hepatitis C in 10 (1.3%)cases ,HIV positive in 8 (1%)cases , VDRL in 2 (0.25%)cases. All cases were grouped as high risk cases for Operating theatre (OT) supportive staffs and surgeons and operated with extra caution. RESULTS: Retrospective analysis of incidence of positive serology in camp cases were found significant. All were operated with all safety measures to protect surgeons and other supportive staffs. CONCLUSIONS: Study proves that serological work up is necessary for all the cases posted for elective cataract surgery. Serology positive patients need special attention to safe guard the surgeon and other supportive staffs KEYWORDS: Elective Cataract surgery, serology, Non manifest sero positive cases, professional health hazard, protective measures. INTRODUCTION: Cataract is a preventable cause of blindness and cataract surgery is the most common surgery performed worldwide to restore vision. As per NPCB2011 (National Program for Control of Blindness), 1% of the Indian population (121 core) is blind. Of this, 62% are blind due to cataract. Incidence of cataract is 0.4% to 0.5%. Approximately 7 million people

BOTRYOMYCOSIS; also known as bacterial pseudomycosis is a rare chronic granulomatous bacterial infection that affects the skin, and sometimes the viscera. Here we report a rare case of orbital botryomycosis in a patient who presented with painful nodular lesion in right eye following repair of tissue for Road Traffic Accident(RTA). MRI revealed foreign body granuloma or pseudotumour subsequent histopathology proved botryomycosis and she was treated with antibiotics and surgery .