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BACKGROUND Endotracheal tube usage has become an integral part of the anaesthesiologist's contribution to the patient care. Endotracheal intubation is translaryngeal placement of endotracheal tube into the trachea. Laryngeal mask airway insertion is an alternative to the endotracheal intubation for maintaining airway and anaesthesia. Rapid haemodynamic changes may be harmful to the patients with ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease. Along with the haemodynamic responses, the placement of the endotracheal tube and laryngeal mask airway will result in significant post-operative complications of which sore throat, dysphonia and dysphagia are common. Aim-Comparison of haemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation/extubation and laryngeal mask airway insertion/removal and incidence of sore throat, dysphagia and dysphonia post-operatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 60 adult male patients undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia at Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Warangal. RESULTS In the present study, the range for age in Group I was 19 to 42 years and in Group II was 17 to 44 years. The range for weight was 64 to 80 kg in Group I and 46 to 75 in Group II. The demographic data was comparable in both the groups. In both the groups, there was slight increase in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and rate pressure product. From the standard error of difference between two means, the P value of only systolic blood pressure falls < 0.001, so it is statistically significant. Other parameters are comparable in the two groups. In Group I, all the haemodynamic values increased significantly by 14%. In Group II, the increase was by 5% which is less in comparison to Group I. The rate pressure product was near to 15,000 in Group I. The rise in parameters in Group II was low. From the standard error of difference between two means, the P value of all parameters fall < 0.001, so statistically significant. CONCLUSION Post-operative laryngopharyngeal complaints of cough, sore throat, dysphonia incidence were more in the endotracheal tube than the Laryngeal Mask Airway. Dysphagia was more common post-operatively in the Laryngeal Mask Airway group. Laryngeal Mask Airway may be used for airway management during anaesthesia in patients in whom marked pressor response would be deleterious.

BACKGROUND Dexamethasone (DES) is a very potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic glucocorticoid with very strong activity. The current study is randomised to determine the onset time, duration, and analgesic potency of bupivacaine (BUC) 0.5 percent, relative to BUC 0.5 percent and DES 8 mg by supraclavicular approach for brachial plexus block. METHODS In patients posted for upper limb surgery under a supraclavicular block, a prospective, randomised, double-blinded study was conducted. 60 Class I and II American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) patients were randomly divided into two classes. Group A received 0.5 percent of 30 ml BUS and group B received 0.5 percent of 28 ml BUS and 8 mg of 2 ml DES combined. For a single shot blockade of the supraclavicular brachial plexus, 30 ml of a solution was required. RESULTS The mean age of patients who received BUS was 36.9 ± 10.4 years and those who received BUS + DES was 34.7 ± 7.1 years (P = 0.328), there was no statistically significant difference between the mean ages of two groups (P > 0.05). The mean time of onset of sensory block in the BUS group was 8.6 ± 1.2 minutes and 5.6 ± 0.7 minutes in the BUS + DES group. There was a statistically significant difference between the onset of motor block in minutes among BUS and BUS + DES groups, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean ages of the two groups (P < 0.001). There was no statistically meaningful difference between the BUS and BUS + DES classes at various time intervals in the mean heart rate, difference in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, and oxygen saturation. CONCLUSIONS The start of sensory and motor blockade also prolongs the length of DES 8 mg to BUS 0.5 percent speeds, thereby supplying improved analgesia and reducing the rescue analgesic requirements. KEYWORDS Bupivacaine, Dexamethasone, Brachial Plexus, Supraclavicular, Sensory Block