Background: The role of preventive measures increases significantly in the absence of effective specific COVID-19 treatment. Mass population immunization and the achievement of collective immunity are of particular importance. The future development of public attitudes towards SARS-CoV-2 immunization depends significantly on medical students, as future physicians. Therefore, it seemed relevant to determine the percentage of COVID-19-vaccinated medical students and to identify the factors significantly affecting this indicator. Methods: A total of 2890 medical students from years one to six, studying at nine leading Russian medical universities, participated in an anonymous sociological survey. The study was performed in accordance with the STROBE guidelines. Results: It was found that the percentage of vaccinated Russian medical students at the beginning of the academic year 2021 was 58.8 ± 7.69%, which did not significantly differ from the vaccination coverage of the general population in the corresponding regions (54.19 ± 4.83%). Student vaccination rate was largely determined by the region-specific epidemiological situation. The level of student vaccination coverage did not depend on the gender or student residence (in a family or in a university dormitory). The group of senior students had a higher number of COVID-19 vaccine completers than the group of junior students. The lack of reliable information about COVID-19 vaccines had a pronounced negative impact on the SARS-CoV-2 immunization process. Significant information sources influencing student attitudes toward vaccination included medical professionals, medical universities, academic conferences, and manuscripts, which at that time provided the least information. Conclusion: The obtained results make it possible to develop recommendations to promote SARS-CoV-2 immunoprophylaxis among students and the general population and to increase collective immunity.

A non-surgical pharmacological approach to control cellular vitality and functionality during ischemic and/or reperfusion-induced phases of strokes remains extremely important. The synthesis of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium gammalactone-2,3-dehydro-L-gulonate (3-EA) was performed using a topochemical reaction. The cell-protective effects of 3-EA were studied on a model of glutamate excitotoxicity (GluTox) and glucose-oxygen deprivation (OGD) in a culture of NMRI mice cortical cells. Ca2+ dynamics was studied using fluorescent bioimaging and a Fura-2 probe, cell viability was assessed using cytochemical staining with propidium iodide, and gene expression was assessed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The compound anti-ischemic efficacy in vivo was evaluated on a model of irreversible middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Brain morphological changes and antioxidant capacity were assessed one week after the pathology onset. The severity of neurological disorder was evaluated dynamically. 3-EA suppressed cortical cell death in a dose-dependent manner under the excitotoxic effect of glutamate and ischemia/reoxygenation. Pre-incubation of cerebral cortex cells with 10–100 µM 3-EA led to significant stagnation in Ca2+ concentration in a cytosol ([Ca2+]i) of neurons and astrocytes suffering GluTox and OGD. Decreasing intracellular Ca2+ and establishing a lower [Ca2+]i baseline inhibited necrotic cell death in an acute experiment. The mechanism of 3-EA cytoprotective action involved changes in the baseline and ischemia/reoxygenation-induced expression of genes encoding anti-apoptotic proteins and proteins of the oxidative status; this led to inhibition of the late irreversible stages of apoptosis. Incubation of brain cortex cells with 3-EA induced an overexpression of the anti-apoptotic genes BCL-2, STAT3, and SOCS3, whereas the expression of genes regulating necrosis and inflammation (TRAIL, MLKL, Cas-1, Cas-3, IL-1β and TNFa) were suppressed. 3-EA 18.0 mg/kg intravenous daily administration for 7 days following MCA occlusion preserved rats’ cortex neuron population, decreased the severity of neurological deficit, and spared antioxidant capacity of damaged tissues. 3-EA demonstrated proven short-term anti-ischemic activity in vivo and in vitro, which can be associated with antioxidant activity and the ability to target necrotic and apoptotic death. The compound may be considered a potential neuroprotective molecule for further pre-clinical investigation.

ГОУ ВПО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова»Минздрава России, г. Москва В работе представлена характеристика и изучено участие костных и мышечных структур в формировании стенок межпозвоночных каналов в шейном отделе. Изучено 37 анатомических препаратов с применением топографо-анатомических и морфометрических исследований. Получены параметры межпозвоночных отвер-стий и межпозвоночных каналов.Ключевые слова: шейный отдел позвоночника, межпозвоночные каналы, медиальное отверстие межпо-звоночного канала, латеральное отверстие межпозвоночного канала, латеральный канал.Characteristics has been presented and participation of bones and muscular structures in formation of intervertebral canals' wallsare studied in cervical spine. Thirty seven preparations are studied using anatomy and morphometry investigation. The parameters of intervertebral foramens and intervertebral canals are obtained. Key words: сervical spine, intervertebral cannels, medial hole of intervertebral cannels, lateral hole of intervertebral canals, lateral canal.УДК 611.711.1:617.547 doi 10.17223/1814147/57/05 ВВЕДЕНИЕ В литературе отсутствуют описания полной морфологической картины и топографо-анатоми-ческое описание латеральных структур шейного отдела позвоночника, имеющих форму межпозво-ночных каналов. Чаще всего в анатомических руководствах, в работах по морфологии позво-ночника встречается термин «межпозвоночное отверстие», тогда как «межпозвоночный канал» почти отсутствует. Авторы, в работах которых упоминается «межпозвоночный канал», подразу-мевают под этим словосочетанием межпозвоноч-ное отверстие, в составе которого, как правило, различают несколько отделов [1, 2]. В работе не-которых исследователей межпозвоночный канал называют корешковым каналом [3]. В исследова-нии по морфологии шейного отдела позвоночни-ка Ю.Л. Золотко указывает, что изучаемые межпо-звоночные отверстия не являются собственно отверстиями, а представляют собой каналы [3].Стоит отметить, что по международной анатомической номенклатуре (Рим, 1999) не существует официального анатомического тер-мина «межпозвоночный канал» шейного отдела позвоночника, а имеется «медиальное межпо-звоночное отверстие» [5], под которым иссле-дователи иногда подразумевают межпозвоноч-ный канал шейного отдела.Латеральные структуры шейного отдела по-звоночника с межпозвоночными отверстиями образуют упорядоченные структуры, рассмат-риваемые нами как «межпозвоночные каналы».Латеральные структуры шейного отдела по-звоночника находятся в проекции латеральных треугольников и верхних третей грудино-ключично-сосцевидных областей шеи, в преде-лах предпозвоночной фасции, которая покрыва-ет спереди шейные позвонки, прикрепляясь к их поперечным отросткам и отдавая фасциальные отроги для предпозвоночных и лестничных мышц шеи, переходя на стволы шейного и пле-чевого сплетений.В процессе работы мы решили с топографо-анатомической точки зрения разграничить и оп-ределить локализации анатомических ориенти-ров для «межпозвоночных каналов» и «меж-позвоночных отверстий» шейного от...

The aim of the study was to assess the effectivity of PMGMU2018h scale for evaluation of the state severity degree of patients suffering from obstructive jaundice relative to other common assessment scales.Materials and Methods. Thirty physical parameters have been studied and compared according to different assessment scales in each of 258 patients with obstructive jaundice treated in three medical settings.Results. The main drawback of the examined scales is the necessity to use the parameters for calculations not included in the medical and economic standards of the Russian Federation. This feature makes these scales unsuitable for making decisions on the tactics of managing a concrete patient in the hospitals of the Russian Federation. The scale developed by us for the assessment of the state severity of patients suffering from obstructive jaundice is completely devoid of subjectivism, does not depend on a surgeon's qualifications, and possesses high specificity to the given disease.

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