BackgroundThe sanitary quality of food is a global concern.Salmonellainfections are a major health problem in developing countries. Each year, food poisoning is affecting thousands of consumers. The objective of this study was to isolate strains of nontyphoidalSalmonellain food and in human diarrhoeal stools in Ouagadougou.MethodsSixty-one samples of sandwiches bought in Ouagadougou and 177 diarrhoeic stools specimen collected at the University Hospital Yaldao Ouedraogo and the Medical Centre Schiphra from May to October 2015 to detectSalmonella. The antibiotic susceptibility testing ofSalmonellastrains was done by the disk diffusion method using 14 antibiotics. Statistical analysis of data was done with Epi Info 7.3.ResultsFrom the overall samples analysed, 23 strains ofSalmonellawere identified including14/177 (7.9%) clinical strains, 9/61 (14.75% ) food strains. After antigenic identification 15 isolates (6 from foods, 9 from stools) belonged to known serotypes including 9 typhoidal and 6 nontyphoidal stains. Eight strains (3 from foods, 5 from stools) could not be serotyped by the reagents available. All the serotypes identified were found in stools (2S.typhi, 1S. paratyphiB, 1S. paratyphiC, 1S. enteritidis, 3S. typhimuriumand 1S. dublin) whileS. paratyphiB (4),S. paratyphiC (1) andS. enteritidis(1) only were identified in foods. Eleven (47.83%) strains were resistant to cotrimoxazole (2/11), tetracycline (8/11), nalidixic acid (##) and ciprofloxacine (2/11).ConclusionsThe overall frequency ofSalmonellais higher in the foods than in the diarrhoeic stools. However, the serotype diversity of the clinical strains is more important than that of the food strains. The street sandwiches would not be the main sources of contamination bySalmonella. The high rate of theSalmonellaresistance to antibiotics requires a more steady surveillance of the use of these antimicrobials.