Background This study was undertaken to identify and functionally characterize virulence genes from Salmonella isolates in street food and stool cultures. From February 2017 to May 2018, clinical and food Salmonella strains were isolated in three regions in Burkina Faso. Salmonella was serotyped according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detec invA, spvR, spvC, fimA and stn virulence genes commonly associated with salmonellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Results A total of 106 Salmonella isolates (77 human stools; 14 sandwiches) was analyzed using a serological identification with an O-group test reagent. The presence of Salmonella was confirmed in 86% (91/106) of the samples were reactive (OMA-positive/OMB-positive). Salmonella serogroup O:4,5 was the most common serogroup detected (40%; 36/91). Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium represented 5.5% (5/91) and 3.3% (3/91), respectively and were identified only from clinical isolates. Furthermore, 14 serotypes of Salmonella (12/91 human strains and 2/15 sandwich strains) were evocative of Kentucky/Bargny serotype. For the genetic profile, 66% (70/106) of the Salmonella had invA and stn genes; 77.4% (82/106) had the fimA gene. The spvR gene was found in 36.8% (39/106) of the isolates while 48.1% (51/106) had the spvC gene. Among the identified Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from stools, the virulence genes detected were invA (3/5) versus (2/3), fimA (4/5) versus (3/3), stn (3/5) versus (2/3), spvR (4/5) versus (2/3) and spvC (3/5) versus (2/3), respectively. Conclusion This study reports the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes and virulence genes in clinical isolates and in street foods. It shows that food could be a significant source of Salmonella transmission to humans. Our results could help decision-making by the Burkina Faso health authority in the fight against street food-related diseases, in particular by training restaurateurs in food hygiene.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the impact of conjugate vaccine A, MenAfriVac, on Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) asymptomatic carriage and cerebrospinal meningitis in three health districts (Bogodogo, Kaya, and Dandé) of Burkina Faso. Asymptomatic carriage of Nm was assessed by performing cross-sectional studyrepeated (rounds 1 to 10) before and after introduction of the conjugate vaccine against serogroup A of N. meningitidis (NmA), MenAfriVac. In each round at least 1,500 people were enrolled in each district for a month. Data oncases of meningococcal meningitis in the three studied health districts were collected through meningitides epidemiological surveillance of Burkina Faso.Nm was identified in680 of 23,885 throat swabs before vaccination (2. 84%)withNmYasthe dominant serogroup(1.87%). During the same period (2009 and 2010), 891 cases of suspected meningitis were reported in the three health districts among whom 42 were due toNm (4.71%) withNmX (3.70%) asthe most frequently identified serogroup. After vaccination, Nm was identified in 1117 of 27,245 pharyngeal samples (6.42%); NmX (4.42%) wasthe dominantserogroup. From 2011 to 2013, 965 cases of suspected meningitis were reported in all health facilities in the three studied health districts located in the geographical study area; 91 was due toNm (9.43%) andNmWasthe most commonserogroup(52 cases= 5.38%).After introduction of conjugate vaccine A (MenAfriVac), the NmAserogroup almost disappeared both in asymptomatic carriers and in patients with cerebrospinal meningitis. However the presence of the NmW and NmXserogroups, which appear to have replaced serogroup A, is very worrying with regard to meningitis prevention and control in Burkina Faso. It appears necessary to strengthen surveillance and laboratory diagnosis of the different meningococcal serogroups circulating in Africa.

DYNAMIQUE DES GERMES RESPONSABLES DES MENINGITES BACTERIENNES AIGÜES AU BURKINA FASO DANS LES DIX DERNIERES ANNEES (2005-2014)

Introduction:The bacterial resistance to antibiotics is becoming a serious concern in developing countries due to precarious hygiene conditions, inappropriate prescription as well as self-medication and free sale of antibiotics.The general objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of strains producing ESBL in the BGN isolated in the CHUP-CDG laboratory.Methods: It is a prospective cross-sectional descriptive study conducted from 1 May to 12 August 2014.The study was conducted in the Charles De Gaulle paediatric University Hospital (Ouagadougou) and the Arnaud de Villeneuve CHRU (Montpellier).Results: Out of the 889 pathological substances analysed, 175 germs have been isolated among which 110 BGN which equal 62.8%. 48.2% of our BGN are ESBL +.Among the 110 BGN we isolated 101 EB and 9 other BGN. No ESBL was found in the other BGN and 52.5% of EB were ESBL +. As for the ESBL Phenotype, according to the species/gender 60.4% of ESBL were E coli and 32% were K pneumoniae.

BackgroundThe sanitary quality of food is a global concern.Salmonellainfections are a major health problem in developing countries. Each year, food poisoning is affecting thousands of consumers. The objective of this study was to isolate strains of nontyphoidalSalmonellain food and in human diarrhoeal stools in Ouagadougou.MethodsSixty-one samples of sandwiches bought in Ouagadougou and 177 diarrhoeic stools specimen collected at the University Hospital Yaldao Ouedraogo and the Medical Centre Schiphra from May to October 2015 to detectSalmonella. The antibiotic susceptibility testing ofSalmonellastrains was done by the disk diffusion method using 14 antibiotics. Statistical analysis of data was done with Epi Info 7.3.ResultsFrom the overall samples analysed, 23 strains ofSalmonellawere identified including14/177 (7.9%) clinical strains, 9/61 (14.75% ) food strains. After antigenic identification 15 isolates (6 from foods, 9 from stools) belonged to known serotypes including 9 typhoidal and 6 nontyphoidal stains. Eight strains (3 from foods, 5 from stools) could not be serotyped by the reagents available. All the serotypes identified were found in stools (2S.typhi, 1S. paratyphiB, 1S. paratyphiC, 1S. enteritidis, 3S. typhimuriumand 1S. dublin) whileS. paratyphiB (4),S. paratyphiC (1) andS. enteritidis(1) only were identified in foods. Eleven (47.83%) strains were resistant to cotrimoxazole (2/11), tetracycline (8/11), nalidixic acid (##) and ciprofloxacine (2/11).ConclusionsThe overall frequency ofSalmonellais higher in the foods than in the diarrhoeic stools. However, the serotype diversity of the clinical strains is more important than that of the food strains. The street sandwiches would not be the main sources of contamination bySalmonella. The high rate of theSalmonellaresistance to antibiotics requires a more steady surveillance of the use of these antimicrobials.