The results of the reading literacy test for Indonesian children at national and international levels were low. Literacy tests are carried out by measuring aspects of understanding, using, and reflecting the results of reading in writing that contains vocabulary. Vocabulary is one of the important things that supports the development of student literacy. Thus, the vocabulary is important to study. This study identified the development of reading and writing vocabulary of junior and senior high school students. This research is descriptive quantitative. The data of this study were in the form of vocabulary derived from books of high school Indonesian students grade VII to grade XII based on the 2013 curriculum and the results of the writing of junior and high school students from grade VII to grade XII. Data were collected by entry application software. For data analysis, the linkage technique of comparing and contrasting was used. The results showed that the development of the number of Indonesian language entries in junior and high school student books was not good, tending to be stagnant. Compared with the results of similar studies in other countries, Indonesian language student books with the number of entries slightly less support literacy development include critical, creative, communicative, and collaborative thinking skills of junior and high school students. Conversely, the development of written vocabulary of middle school students has increased significantly.

This study aims to describe the representation of vocoid [əә] phonological developments in the Indonesian language on deaf preschool-age children. Therefore, the collection of data is done longitudinally. A data source is a group of three deaf children TKLB-B (Nursery School of Students with Special Needs) who had the mild, moderate, and severe degrees of the deaf, and who did not have multiple impairments. The data is in the form of utterance that is capable of giving vocoid representation [əә] of deaf preschool-age children. The data collected by using observation, fishing, logging, and recording techniques. The collected data are then analyzed by sorting, reversals, and connections techniques. Based on the results of the study, there were four representations of vocoid [əә] phonological developments in the Indonesian language on deaf preschool-age children; (1) indeed, they used the word contain vocoid [əә], (2) they used it to replace the other vocoid, (3) along with vocoid [a] it formed a diphthong [aəә], (4) they used it to replace the sound on syllable of the end of a word.

Banjar archaic is an ancient ethnic Banjar language that some speakers still speak in remote areas or older speakers. Banjar archaic language is unique in terms of disclosure, so it is exciting to research. Banjar's archaic vocabulary must be well documented so that the vocabulary does not disappear over time. This study aims to identify the vocabulary of the Banjar language archaic and describe the class category of Banjar archaic. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method with the emic approach. The subject of this study was the Banjar ethnic community with an age range of 40-65 years. The research was conducted in Peat Subdistrict, Banjar Regency. The results showed that the vocabulary of Banjar language archaic is still used by Banjar ethnicity, as evidenced by the discovery of eighty-eight vocabulary with four types of word classes, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives, and numerals. Of the four types of word classes, which are still widely used are the class of nouns in the form of basic nouns and compound nouns. While the least is numeral found only one vocabulary. The surviving vocabulary of Banjar archaic is caused by several factors of community culture, namely farming and community patterns that still uphold Banjar customs.

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