The main purpose of this work is to study the structure of Anadara granosa shell sample and its structural transformation upon heat treatments. The sample was ground and characterized as powder throughout this work. Structural identifications of all samples were characterized, and determined qualitatively by using X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetry measurement (TGA). It was found that the specimen is made of aragonite, a common phase of CaCO3 mineral. The powder sample was annealed at specific temperatures over the range of 200°C - 900°C and the effects of heat treatment on the structure of Anadara granosa shell samples were studied. The results show that aragonite transforms to calcite at the temperatures between 200°C and 400°C and completely becomes calcite between 400-500°C. Then, the calcite transforms to calcium oxide at the temperatures between 500°C - 900°C. The exact structures and quantities of phase at different annealing temperatures were studied by Rietveld refinement. In our study, we also used IR spectroscopy and TGA to study the effect of water absorption of the samples on the phase transformation.

Material that shows hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate phases is called biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP). In present work, biphasic calcium phosphate was prepared and characterized for future applications on the utilization of bioactivity of HAp and resorbability of β-TCP properties. It was simply synthesized by precipitation method using eggshell as the calcium source (Ca) in the form of calcium nitrate and ammonium phosphate as the phosphate source (P) to obtain biphasic calcium phosphate. The prepared BCP powders and crystal structure were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinements and Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) techniques. The results indicate that BCP was observed at the calcining temperature of 800 oC and above. Furthermore, the crystallinity of BCP increases with increasing temperature from 800 - 1200 oC. The phase fraction of β-TCP is enhanced with pH of a solution from 8.6-10.6 and decrease with the temperature range of 800 - 1200 oC. The formation of BCP arises from its non-stoichiometric composition of materials such as variation of synthesis parameters.

The objective of this research is to compare the characteristic of gelatin prepared from waste fish scales. White perch, java barb, red tilapia and nile tilapia scales were cleaned and treated with 1.0 M NaOHfor 2 h at room temperature to remove fat and then treated 0.8 M acetic acid to restructure of fish scales. Gelatin from waste fish scales were exacted using heating the cleaned fish scales in the distilled water at 70 °C for 2 h. Gelatins were characterization by UV-vis spectrometer, viscometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results shown the amount of gelatin and percent transmittance of light of gelatin from white perch was more than that of other waste fish scales. The viscosities of all gelatins decreased with increasing temperature. The gelatin from java bard was more viscosity than that from other fish scales due to more amounts of aspartic and glutamic acid. The XRD intensity of gelatin from white perch scales and java barb scales had higher than that from other fish scales confirming the higher crystallinity of gelatin. The FT-IR resultsindicated the same function groupsof all gelatins. SEM results revealed the porous structure of all gelatins. The all results concluded that gelatin property of nile tilapia scales had less than that of other fish scales which could be used in different industry.

This work presents the chitin preparation from waste sources, the chitin powders were successfully extracted from shrimp shell, crab shell and squid pen. To prepare chitin powders, all raw materials were washed and grounded using agate mortar, which the particle size of powder is 212–250 μm. Then, the powdered materials were immersed into solution of chloroform and methanol (with 2:1 ratio) at room temperature for removing fat. The deprotienation and decarbonation, the samples were immersed in 50 wt% of NaOH solution for 24 h and in 4 wt% of HCl for 1 h, respectively. The XRD, FT-IR and TGA techniques were used to indicate the different characteristic between α-chitin and β-chitin prepare.

Calcium phosphates ceramics such as a hydroxyapatite have composition and structure similar to be mineral component of bone. Hydroxyapatite could be production from natural and chemical source with various techniques. In this study, Calcium phosphates was prepared and characterized for future applications on the utilization of bioactivity and resorbability of Hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite was synthesized by precipitation method using cuttlefish bone as the calcium (Ca) source in the form of calcium nitrate and ammonium phosphate as the phosphate (P) source. The property, crystal structure and crystalline size of samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the raw cuttlefish bone was calcite and aragonite phase and completely transformed to calcium oxide at 1000 °C. Hydroxyapatite from cuttlefish bone was hexagonal phase. The crystalline size of hydroxyapatite increases with increasing temperature from 200-1300 °C. This experiment indicated that the hydroxyapatite could be synthetized from cuttlefish bone.