The gas drag effect in the primordial solar nebula on the motion of a solid body, ranging from a large planetesimal to a small dust grain, is investigated. For a planetesimal, expressions for the short-term variation of the semi-major axis, the eccentricity and inclination are obtained using a perturbation method and a realistic formula for the gas drag force. For a small body, an orbit spiralling towards the sun in the equatorial plane of the nebula is investigated and the decay time of the orbital radius is obtained. It is found that the decay time at 1 a.u. is as short as 10' or 10' years for a solid body with mass in the range between 10' g and 10' g.

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Background: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is an acute cardiomyopa-thy characterized by transient left ventricular systolic dysfunction induced by emotional or physical stress, including respiratory failure. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features of patients who developed takotsubo cardiomyopathy in respiratory department. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the characteristics, causes, and outcomes of takotsubo cardiomyopathy experienced in our respiratory department Results: Of 14 patients, 35% were women over 50 years of age. The most frequent trigger was bronchoscopy. Laryngeal reflex in response to irritation of trachea results in elevation of catecholamine level, thereby inducing takotsubo cardiomyopathy. At onset, more than half of the patients did not show typical symptoms such as chest discomfort. 57.1% of cases showed type 2 respiratory failure and 42.9% showed acidosis which might related to elevation of catecholamine level as well. 50.0% of patients had comorbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma, treated regularly with β2stimulant. Since there are abundant β2-stimulant receptors in apical myocardium, repeated treatment with β2-stimulant may have contributed to the disease onset. Some cases complicated with heart failure, but all patients improved. Conclusions: In respiratory department, it is necessary to be aware of takotsubo cardiomyopathy especially when conducting procedures including tracheal manipulation, when using repetitive β2-stimulant, and when a patient shows exacerbation of respiratory failure with hypercap-nia, even without any chest complaints. AP093 SAPS II OR APACHE II IS BETTER TO PREDICT MORTALITY IN MEDICAL ICU PATIENTS

for the Brugada Syndrome Investigators in Japan Background-The prognosis of patients with saddleback or noncoved type (non-type 1) ST-elevation in Brugada syndrome is unknown. The purpose of this study was to clarify the long-term prognosis of probands with non-type 1 ECG and those with coved (type 1) Brugada-pattern ECG. Methods and Results-A total of 330 (123 symptomatic, 207 asymptomatic) probands with a coved or saddleback ST-elevation Ն1 mm in leads V 1 -V 3 were divided into 2 ECG groups-type 1 (245 probands) and non-type 1 (85 probands)-and were prospectively followed for 48.7Ϯ15.0 months. The absence of type 1 ECG was confirmed by drug provocation test and multiple recordings. The ratio of individuals with a family history of sudden cardiac death (14%) was lower than previous studies. Clinical profiles and outcomes were not notably different between the 2 groups (annual arrhythmic event rate of probands with ventricular fibrillation; type 1: 10.2%, non-type 1: 10.6%, probands with syncope; type 1: 0.6%, non-type 1: 1.2%, and asymptomatic probands; type 1: 0.5%, non-type 1: 0%). Family history of sudden cardiac death at age Ͻ45 years and coexistence of inferolateral early repolarization with Brugada-pattern ECG were independent predictors of fatal arrhythmic events (hazard ratio, 3.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.42 to 7.60; Pϭ0.005; hazard ratio, 2.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 6.71; Pϭ0.03, respectively, by multivariate analysis), although spontaneous type 1 ECG and ventricular fibrillation inducibility by electrophysiological study were not reliable parameters. Conclusions-The long-term prognosis of probands in non-type 1 group was similar to that of type 1 group. Family history of sudden cardiac death and the presence of early repolarization were predictors of poor outcome in this study, which included only probands with Brugada-pattern ST-elevation. (Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol. 2009;2:495-503.)