Technical energy losses in low voltage networks are usually estimated by balancing feeded and delivered energy of the analysed grid area, but generally it is not possible to derive information for loss reduction opportunities out of these data. The proposed method calculates grid losses in low voltage networks and takes the effect of short time load peaks as well as unbalanced loads into consideration by using standard load profiles in connection with an obtained loss correction function. It provides the option to point out high loss areas or equipment owning a high potential for loss reduction, to allow optimised investments in development and maintenance of the system.

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Recently occurred critical system states have triggered a broad discussion between Distribution System Operators (DSO) and Transmission System Operators (TSO) about the actuality and validity of grid restoration plans all across ENTSO-E. Generally being in the responsibility of the TSOs, the role of DSOs in the restoration concept in case of islanded grid restoration is not yet clearly defined and has been a topic in many discussions. Beside the organizational aspects regarding grid restoration, various technical requirements have to be considered. This paper highlightsthe key aspects of well-known as well as newly arisen topics. Furthermore, to guarantee a successful grid restoration, a 3-step approach is introduced. It contains islanded grid operation tests, the development of an accurate and reliable simulation model and the simulatorbased training of the operators.

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