The Nigerian State before 1999 was ruled by the military for a very long period of time ranging from 1966-1979, and 1983-1999 Buhari 1983-1985, Babangida 1985-1993, Abacha 1993-1998 and Abubakar 1998-1999

Zimbabwe is a relatively small country situated in the southern part of Africa between South Africa and Zambia. It is also bounded by Mozambique in the east and Botswana in the West. This land-locked country occupies about 390,757 sq km of land and its population is about 12.4 million (CIA World Fact Book, 2011). Zimbabwe was a British colony for almost a century and was one of a few countries which belatedly achieved independence after waging a protracted liberation war. Several racial and ethnic groups reside in the county. English is the official language with two dominating native languages, that is, Shona and Sindebele being accorded national language status. Since 2000, Zimbabwe has been embroiled in the worst political and socio-economic crisis of its thirty-one year history as an independent state. Unfortunately, this unprecedented crisis has negatively affected every aspect of the country and every segment of the population. However, in February, 2009, after almost a year of uncertainty following controversial elections in 2008, a semblance of normality seems to have emerged after the main political actors agreed to set up an inclusive government. Despite these promising signs the country is still not out of the woods yet.

The recurring conflict in Eastern DRC has had devastating effects on civilians, mostly in Kivus. From the beginning of January 2002 till the end of May 2017, many conflict resolution efforts have been put together by regional and international communities. However, there has not been any sustainable mechanism to resolve the conflict. The situation regarding the security of Eastern Congo continues to be volatile. This paper seeks to identify the responsible party that would help mitigate the recurring conflict in Eastern Congo. Using the three distinct categories of actors in Conflict Transformation, the paper argues that the lack of coordination among these actors who constitutes the three Track levels have affected unity of purpose and the level of commitment as far as transforming the Eastern Congo Conflict. The divergent interests among the respective actors to outmaneuver one another when it comes to agenda setting regarding respective peace initiatives on conflict, could be the rationale behind the absence of a workable formula in transforming conflict in the Eastern DRC. The paper proffer strategic policy suggestions toward a workable Conflict Transformation mechanism that equitably addresses the root causes of the conflict and fairly incorporates the relevant stakeholders in an effort to find a sustainable solution.

The West African States are known as States with endowed natural and human resources that ought to have an enlargement in the area of economic growth and development. This will help yield results to the countries in

The legislative corrupt practices have become one of the most widely concept among social scientists, whenever the issue of democratic consolidation and development are discussed (Olutola & Isaac, 2016). In Nigeria, the involvement of the legislature in the corrupt practices has led to the loss of the citizen confidence in the political system, because they considered legislative members as corrupt representatives that are no longer adhere strictly to the due process and the rule of law. The legislature has been severally indicted for the corrupt practices in Nigeria, as they are often involved in accepting bribe for the passing of appropriation bills or awarding of contracts for selfish interest (Otusanya, 2010). This is an aberration in the democracy, since the legislature as it has been argued, are very significant institution of curving antisocial problems through their role of legislation and oversight function (Stapenhurst et al., 2006; Oyewo, 2007). Surprisingly, the institution which is constitutionally offered with the responsibility of curbing corruption, is itself not immune from the practice (Alabi & Fashagba, 2010). Corrupt practices in the representatives of the citizen can affect the process of democratic consolidation, since it may hinder and rob their moral ground to challenge the executive members that are engaged in the corrupt practices. Consolidation entails both the eradication of the residue of dictatorial system that is incompatible with the practice of the democratic regime and establishment of mechanism