This paper explores the impact of domestic and international cash transfers on poverty and household resilience in Togo from a comparative perspective. The paper uses data from two household surveys (The Unified Questionnaire of Basic Well-being Indicators) conducted by the National Institute of Statistics Economic and Demographic Studies of Togo in 2011 and 2015. The analysis uses the propensity score matching method and the quantile instrumental regression. The first category of results shows that migrants' external and internal remittances positively affect poverty and inequality and improve households' investments in Togo. The second category of results allows concluding on the implications for public policy in a time of pandemic shock, such as the Sars-Cov-2 one.

This paper aims to investigate the complementary relationship between commercial banks and microfinance institutions in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) as a means to sustain economic growth. Using panel data on seven countries from 1999 to 2005 with the Feasible Generalized Least Squares and the AR(1) disturbances, the study indicates that the banking and microfinance sectors are prone to operating individually, and that banks benefit from microfinance activities. A joint effort of both sectors in facing credit allocation appears to be very significant over the single action of microfinance institutions. The study, therefore, suggests a joint or complementary approach through savings management to face the challenge of the economic growth in the Union.

This paper uses data from the survey of basic wellbeing indicators (2015) to investigate climate-related risk perceived impact on the household’s living standard in Togo. We investigate the data using a subjective approach with a Probit model and a Propensity Score Matching Method. For the majority of households in the sample, the results suggest, on the one hand, a significant impact of climate-related risk on their living standards. On the other hand, the estimation results show that income from activities increases the resilience and reduction of Togo households' climate-related effects. Finally, remittances increase the households' ability to be less climate vulnerable and play a significant role in the household’s resilience building. In terms of public policies, the results imply that a broader consultation and strategy are needed to reduce the consequences of climate related-risks on households in Togo.

This article highlights the effects of Digital Transformation as a General Purpose Technology and bank stability on banking inclusion and thus on financial inclusion in Sub‐Saharan African countries. We use simultaneous panel model estimates covering 36 Sub‐Saharan African countries from 2004 to 2017. The results show positive and significant effects of digital transformation as general purpose technology and bank stability on financial inclusion. The results show also that the effect of digital transformation on financial inclusion is more substantial when the banking sector is stable.

The risk of money laundering induced by information and communication technologies (ICT) in the financial sector could be controlled by adopting artificial intelligence systems and increased security investment in Sub-Saharan Africa. The establishment of a regulatory framework for controlling ICT is necessary to combat capital laundering effectively. Poverty and unemployment harm the struggle against money laundering. The fight against corruption and political stability contribute positively to policies against money laundering.