Horse Shoe Kidney was first recognized during an autopsy by De Carpi in 1521. This anomaly consists of two distinct renal masses lying vertically on either side of the midline and connected at their respective lower poles by a parenchymatous or fibrous isthmus that crosses the mid plane of the body. This isthmus lies at the level of 4th lumbar vertebra just beneath the origin of inferior mesenteric artery in about 40% of cases. Fusion of upper poles instead of the lower poles results in an inverted horse Shoe Kidney which constitute 5-10% of ail HorseShoe kidneys, (i.e. in 95% of HSK, fusion is at lower poles). HSK is found more commonly in males by a 2:1 margin. AIM OF STUDY: An attempt has been made to know the various anomalies. The study has been taken up with the fond hope of helping the clinician, sonologist, and surgeons during their routine work. To apply this knowledge to the incoming post graduates in their research works. EMBRIOLOGICAL BASIS & KDNEY: The abnormality originates between 4th and 6th weeks of gestation, after the ureteral bud has entered the renal blastema. Boyden (1931) postulated that at the 14mm stage (4.5 weeks) the developing metanephric masses lie close to one another, any disturbance in their relationship may result in joining at their inferior poles. A slight alteration in the position of the umbilical or common iliac artery could change the orientation of migrating kidneys thus leading to contact and fusion. In 1941 Dees (Nation 1945, Bell 1946, Gleen 1959, Campbell 1970) described horseshoe kidney disease occurrence in 0.25% of the population or about 1 in 400. OBSERVATION: In the present study 176 specimens of kidneys were studied out of which 40 were fetal specimens and the rest were adult specimens consisting of both cadaveric and sonograms. The adult specimens from cadavers were 76 and 60 from sonograms. MATERIAL & METHODS: Abdomen is opened; superficial viscera and coils of intestine removed to get a clear view of posterior abdominal organs and anomalies are noted. SUMMARY & CONCLUSION: The abnormality originates between 4th and 6th weeks of gestation, after the ureteral bud has entered the renal blastema. Boyden (1931) postulated that at the 14mm stage (4.5weeks) the developing metanephric masses lie close to one another, any disturbance in their relationship may result in joining at their inferior poles. Usually the fusion of the both kidneys occurs before they have rotated on their long axis, thus pelvis and ureters of HSK are being usually placed anteriorly. Rarely, fusion occurs after some rotation had already taken place in which case the pelves are anterimedialy placed. KEYWORDS: horse shoe kidney 1 , unilateral fused Kidney 2 , nephrolithisis 3 , autopsies 4 .

The subject of kidney anomalies including their incidence has created much interest to the scientists in late 1950 and 1960 with the aim of preventing and curing them as much as possible. Knowledge about their incidence particularly helps us to know how frequently they are seen in the population and makes us to search the possible etiological factors for such high occurrence. An attempt has been made to know the various anomalies, detailed dimensions of specimens available from the cadavers. To apply this knowledge to the incoming post graduates in their research works. Renal vascular segmentation was originally recognized by John Hunter in 1794. MATERIALS & METHODS: The parameters like weight, length of the kidney, breadth of the kidney and the breadth at the superior pole, inferior pole and at the hilum are taken with the help of electronic weighing machine, vernier calipers, the scale and thread are used. During the routine dissections the kidneys identified and the photographs are taken in situ wherever necessary. The parameters are taken, anomalies are noted and detailed diagrams are drawn. OBSERVATIONS: In the present study 176 specimens of kidneys were studied out of which 40 were fetal specimens and the rest were adult specimens consisting of both cadaveric and sonograms. The adult specimens from cadavers were 76 and 60 from sonograms. SUMMARY & CONCLUSION: It is stated that anomalies of the urinary tract rank third or fourth in position and they constitute 3-4% of total congenital anomalies and seen in 2-3% of population. In the present study, 14 aberrant vessels are observed.

The subject of kidney anomalies has created much interest to the scientists in late 1950 and 1960 with the aim of prevention and curing. Etiological factors includes various genetic environmental factors, teratogens such as physical, chemical, nutritional, causing mutations in the genes. Hypoplastic kidney indicates small kidney that have less normal number of calices and nephrons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study has been under taken on 76 kidneys from cadavers and 60 from sonograms and 40 from fetal kidneys. Kidneys identified and photographs are taken in situ wherever necessary OBSERVATION: 10 hypo plastic kidneys were observed. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: The cause for this is many birth defects, it may be unilateral or bilateral, in unilateral the other kidney shows greater compensatory group.

The subject of congenital renal anomalies including their incidence had created much interest to scientists in late 1950's & 1960's with the aim of prevention and curing them & inculcate knowledge to Urologists & Surgeons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is undertaken on congenital renal anomalies of 176 kidneys from cadavers, 60 from sonograms and 40 from stillborn fetal kidneys; SMC Vijayawada and KMC Warangal. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: In the present study renal specimens of fetal kidneys show unilateral agencies 1 of specimen no 176; the cause is due to involution of multi cystic or dysplastic kidney 2 occurs in the 4th week of gestation affecting mesonephric duct and its ureteric bud. Congenital anomalies of the urinary tract rank third or fourth in position, seen in 2 to 3% of population and the study being useful for clinicians and urologists at large.