The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that the relationship of the left main bronchus to the bronchial arteries is a reliable radiographic landmark for accurate catheterization of the right and left bronchial arteries. Sixty-six bronchial angiograms and chest radiographs in 43 patients were reviewed. The relationship of the tip of the catheter during initial bronchial angiography (used as the point of bronchial arterial origin) and the radiolucent shadow of the left main bronchus in patients with and without radiographic evidence of anatomic distortion caused by pulmonary disease was categorized into three groups: within the shadow of the left main bronchus, near the left main bronchus, and far from the left main bronchus. The origin of the right and left bronchial arteries was within or near the shadow of the left main bronchus in 94% of bronchial angiograms performed in patients with and without distorted thoracic anatomy. The most frequent location was within the shadow of the left main bronchus. The left main bronchus can be used as a reliable reference point for catheterization of the right or left bronchial arteries in patients with and without thoracic anatomic distortion.

Precautionary positioning after TTNB does not reduce the incidence of postbiopsy pneumothorax and rate of chest tube insertion.

Balloon angioplasty has been one of the modalities of choice in the treatment of peripheral artery disease, or PAD, for many decades. Balloon technology was developed not only in the form of designs and materials but also as a new application with the introduction of cutting, cryo, or drug eluted principles. Many clinical trials have been studied and have changed clinical guidelines in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. This content of this article includes the principle of balloon angioplasty in atherosclerosis disease, types of balloon, materials, basic balloon selection with a focus on peripheral artery disease alone.

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