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Destruction of gingival and periodontal tissue is mediated by a very large degree of host cells following stimulation by locally produced cytokines. These cytokines act as the initial mediators of the cellular component of inflammation. It has now been shown that a range of bacterial molecules is able to induce human cells to produce a variety Of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. It is clear that cytokines play a key role in the immune system, in hematopoiesis, and in immunoregulation. They also play a role in the pathophysiology, both in producing tissue destruction as well as in healing. Host cells such as keratinocytess fibroblasts, endothelial cells and tissue monocytes respond to certain bacterial proteins and lipopolysaccharides by generating primary proinflammatory cytokines. Their excessive production in chronic inflammation may have pathologic consequences in diseases su ch as periodontitis. Cytoki nes are a significant and integral part of the host response to periodontal infection. Additionally, these molecules are important as physiologic mediators in the periodontium, serving in both normal processes and as pathogenic mediators. A therapeutic goal in clinical periodontics can be aimed at maintaining a physiological role for the cytokines while recognizing that their overproduction results in pathologic changes.

The conventional clinical diagnostic aids which were introduced almost half a century ago continues to function as the basis of diagnosis in clinical practice. Recent advances in biochemistry and molecular sciences brought us to the significance of biomarkers as diagnostic aids. This new advance in medical science for periodontal diagnosis will provide immense benefit in managing periodontitis patients. Biomarkers are tell -tale molecules that can be used to monitor health status, disease onset, treatment response and outcome. These biomarkers can be obtained from various body fluids. Obtaining GCF by non invasive method provides an easy and reliable modality in using GCF as potential source for biomarkers This simple and non-invasive nature of GCF sourcing and its high sensitivity assay development have led to the idea of using the GCF biomarkers as diagnostic aids for periodontal diagnosis.

Introduction: Escherichia coli are organisms with the ability to colonise and persist in numerous niches. They are usually commensals, but can also take on a more pathogenic nature, causing infections of the blood stream, intestinal tract and the urinary tract among others. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) are the primary cause of about 70 -95% of community acquired urinary tract infections and recurrence is usually a major problem in many individuals. There are several virulence factors associated with UPEC like Iron acquisition systems, fimbriae, secreted toxins like α -hemolysin, biofilm formation etc. Virulence factors among various types of UPEC have been poorly studied. This study aims at comparing the presence of some common virulence factors among UPEC isolated from patients with urinary tract infection (UTI). Materials and methods:This study was done between June -July 2017 on patients presenting with symptoms of UTI. Clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected from these patients and 91 cases who had

Introduction: Preoperative histopathological diagnosis is corner stone, which are most definitive methods of preoperative diagnosis. So the aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness of core needle biopsy in establishing the diagnosis. Methodology: Hospital based Prospective study which was conducted in department of pathology, RVM Institute of medical Sciences and Research Centre, Siddipet district, Telangana state. A total of 33 cases were studied from March 2019 to December 2019.Results: In the present study the female participants are more than the males with an observed gender ratio (M: F) 0.8:1.2.The diagnostic results from the samples of core needle biopsy are classified into 4 types and 2 samples (6%) were not adequate to diagnose. The major type of tumors are Primary Malignant type of tumors that is 49%, followed by metastatic type 24%,benign type are 18% and Chronic osteomyelitis was 1 case (3%). Conclusion:The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values was 100% which was presented in table 6, were determined on the basis of 31cases, our core needle biopsy diagnosis was matching with definitive diagnosis after surgery.