Ruang udara merupakan medium penting bagi Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan. Seiring perkembangan teknologi kedirgantaraan, kini kesejahteraan suatu negara semakin bergantung kepada pemanfaatan medium ini. Maka sangat berdasar menyatakan bahwa pengamanan ruang udara sebagai hal yang krusial. Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) Angkatan Udara bersama Kementerian Perhubungan menjadi garda terdepan dalam upaya menegakkan kedaulatan pada ruang udara nasional. Kehadiran Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Pengamanan Wilayah Udara pada tahun 2018 menguatkan landasan hukum dalam bertindak; diantaranya intersepsi hingga pendaratan paksa pesawat asing oleh TNI Angkatan Udara. Mengingat aktivitas penerbangan bersifat lintas batas negara, maka upaya pengamanan wilayah udara nasional erat bersinggungan dengan norma dan hukum internasional. Alhasil, ketentuan Rules of the Air hingga Artikel 3bis Konvensi Chicago 1944 terkait intersepsi pesawat sipil dengan mengedepankan keamanan dan keselamatan penerbangan menjadi tidak terpisahkan. Artikel ini akan membahas perihal intersepsi dari berbagai sudut pandang beserta kewenangan TNI Angkatan Udara maupun Kementerian Perhubungan. Perbandingan dengan hukum positif Thailand dilakukan guna memberikan masukan terhadap peraturan nasional, salah satunya perihal denda administratif yang bertujuan melindungi anggaran negara. Metode penelitian yuridis normatif berlaku dalam penulisan ini. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat suatu urgensi untuk menyempurnakan serta melakukan sinkronisasi hukum positif Indonesia terkait pengamanan wilayah udara nasional.
Space technology development shows feasibility of actualizing future space mining. There are numerous efforts to utilize resources from celestial bodies; whether as fuel, an alternative source for scarce minerals, or as an in-situ support for future human habitation in outer space. This article identifies potential clashes between ongoing space mining practices and the interests of developing nations. The main concern is accessibility: will the race to dominate space mining leave no room for non-space faring nations to utilize space resources, or even access potential space mining locations? The current international space law has several loopholes such as the absence of provisions regarding ownership of space resources, and the lack of inclusion of private actors, especially considering their role in furthering the space mining industry. This article also examines Indonesia’s regulation on space activities, including mining and provide recommendations. Current regulations imply there is a vision for Indonesia to be a large space actor in the future, but no instrument puts specific focus as of yet to space mining. Lack of dedicated funding and technology also exist, but there are various opportunities to attain this, provided Indonesia is able to utilize them for national interests.
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