The inhalation of pollutants of automobile origin induces blood disturbances, especially noncommunicable diseases, in humans. However, there are no studies highlighting the effects induced by car pollutants. From this perspective, this study aims to evaluate the effects of at least two (02) pollutants, carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), on oxidative stress and inflammation after a single exposure for four hours (04 h). Materials and methods: Ten male Wistar strain rats were randomly divided into two groups of five (05): the control group (179.00 ± 5.916 g) unexposed and the group exposed to CO and NO 2 (188.00 ± 13.13 g). CO and NO 2 were produced by the combustion gas oil using a device contained in a sealed metal box supplied with ambient air by a pump. The ranges of CO and NO 2 concentrations to which the rats were exposed varied between 35 and 45 ppm and between 0.2 and 0.3 ppm, respectively. The blood samples were taken at 24 hours after the end of the manipulations. A malondialdehyde (MDA) assay was performed on supernatant using the GENESYS 10S UV Visible Spectrophotometer. Tumour Necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels in the supernatant stored at-80 ° C were examined with an ELISA kit. Results: The mean values of MDA (17,771 ± 6.624 nM / ml) and TNF-α (83,050 ± 7.483 μg / ml) observed in the exposed group were significantly higher (p ˂ 0.01) than those recorded in the control group (MDA (7.097 ± 1.882 nM / ml) and TNF-α (6.410 ± 3.160 μg / ml). Conclusion: Exposure to CO and NO 2 for at least 4 hours induces the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the exacerbation of inflammation.

Byrsocarpus coccineus (syn. Rourea coccinea) Schum. and Thonn. (Connaraceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat several ailments in which reactive oxygen species are involved. This study aims to investigate the in vivo antioxidative properties and moreover the toxicological potential of ethanolic root extract of B. coccineus (EEBc). Antioxidant activity was measured using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and nitric oxide (NO) assays, respectively on serum and on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and moreover by quantifying malondialdehyde (MDA) in rat model ovalbumin-induced airway inflammatory. Toxicological screening was performed using single oral administration at 5000 mg/kg and sub-chronic (4 weeks) administration at 400 and 800 mg/kg to rats. Results indicated that EEBc increases antioxidant potential in the blood. EEBc significantly reduced the NO level (P < 0.05) and MDA concentration (P < 0.01). The extract at a single dose did not produce the signs of toxicity or mortality during 14 days. The sub-chronic tests showed no alterations in animals. The results did not show any biochemical and hematological abnormalities. This study shows that EEBc may be used as natural antioxidant and may help to prevent pathological conditions related to oxidative stress.

The present study aims to evaluate "in vivo" the acute toxicity, antipyretic and antianemic activities of three plant recipes used in the treatment of malaria in southern Benin lake cities on Wistar rats. We note the presence of saponosides, phenolic compounds, sterols and terpenes in the recipes studied. The toxicity evaluation of the extracts revealed that they are practically non-toxic (LD 50 > 5g/kg body weight) according to the Hodge and Sterner classification. All the extracts investigated contain antipyretic molecules but only two extracts (aqueous extract obtain by decoction of the child's recipe: 36.07 ± 0.48°C, hydroethanolic macerated of the adult's recipe: 36.07 ± 0.33°C) showed significant antipyretic activity, similar to that of aspirin (36.03 ± 0.25°C) used as reference molecule in the present study. After evaluating the antianemic activity, we note that the extracts are not hemolytic.

Aims. The aim of this study was to compare the phytochemical profile and acute and chronic toxicity of hydroethanolic extracts of three parts of P. santalinoides. Methods. Seven major chemical groups (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponosides, coumarins, tannins, triterpenes, and steroids) were studied. The single dose limit test of 5000 mg/kg body weight was used to evaluate the acute toxicity of each organic extract. Subacute toxicity was evaluated after daily oral doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight were administered to rats for 28 days. Results. At a single dose of 5000 mg/kg, none of the extracts (leaf, trunk bark, and root) caused death in experimental rats. However, the trunk bark extract of P. santalinoides induced coat change and lethargy in treated rats. Macroscopic observation of the internal organs (liver and kidneys) of the rats showed no abnormalities. In the subacute test, only the trunk extracts induced signs of toxicity such as mobility disorders, diarrhea, and loss of body weight at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. Conclusion. This study showed that the hydroethanol extracts of the leaves, trunk bark, and root bark of P. santalinoides divergently concentrated the main chemical groups of interest. Administration of a single dose of extracts from all three P. santalinoides is not toxic to the consumer. However, when used over a long period of time, they can have a harmful effect on the consumer. In view of the different results of the trunk bark extract and in a context of conservation of the species, we recommend the use of the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves in the different treatments in which the three organs are involved.

This study has investigated the effects of Combretum hypopilinum on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. Dried root bark of C. hypopilinum was extracted with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol to give three extracts. To select the most protective extract, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with each extract (10, 20, 40, and 80 µg/ml) in the presence or absence of LPS (1 µg/ml) and incubated for further 24 hours. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl acetate extract (EaE) which was the most protective extract, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with EaE (10, 20, 40, and 80 µg/ml) 1 hour before activation with LPS (1 µg/ml) and incubated for further 24 hours. Effects of EaE on the production of inflammatory mediators [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and nitric oxide (NO)] and activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 were measured. Results showed that LPS induced overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO. However, treatment with EaE increased the production of IL-10 and decreased the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and the release of NO. Moreover, EaE decreased activities of caspase-3 and caspase-8. Our results indicate that C. hypopilinum inhibited LPSinduced apoptosis and inflammation through inhibition of the production of inflammatory cytokines and mediators and inhibition of apoptosis triggered by LPS.