We developed a new UV-Raman spectroscopy system for local and global strain measurements in Si. Using a 364 nm excitation laser, strain in an ultra-thin Si film can be measured. Because of the resonance effect using this particular wave length, reasonably short measurement time is realized to obtain strain mapping with keeping the sample at sufficiently low temperature. An in situ wavenumber calibration system has been newly developed for superior wavenumber resolution and precision of approximately 0.1 cm À1 . A quasi-line shape excitation light source has also been developed to verify the effective spatial resolution. Strain mapping and spectral measurements for relaxation by rapid thermal annealing in strained-Si substrates are demonstrated.

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The excretion of essential trace elements, namely, Se, Sr, As, Mn, Co, V, Fe, and Zn into the bile of Se-deficient (SeD) Wistar male rats was studied using the multitracer (MT) technique, and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Normal and Se-control (SeC) rat groups were used as reference groups to compare the effects of Se levels on the behaviors of the essential trace elements. The excretion (% dose) of Se, Sr, As, Mn, Co, and V increased with Se levels in the liver. The biliary excretion of Mn and As dramatically enhanced for SeC rats compared with SeD rats, while that of V accelerated a little for SeC rats. The radioactivity levels of (59)Fe and (65)Zn in the MT tracer solution were insufficient to measure their excretion into bile. The role of glutathione and bilirubin for biliary excretion of the metals was discussed in relation to Se levels in rat liver.

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