T-helper 17 (Th17) cells are characterized by producing interleukin-17 (IL-17, also called IL-17A), IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22 and potentially TNF-α and IL-6 upon certain stimulation. IL-23, which promotes Th17 cell development, as well as IL-17 and IL-22 produced by the Th17 cells plays essential roles in various inflammatory diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, and Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of the functional role of Th17 cells, with particular focus on the Th17 cell-related cytokines such as IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23, in mouse models and human inflammatory diseases.

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This letter proposes the use of choline-like hydrophilic ionic liquids (ILs) to visualize hydrous samples (e.g., seaweed and other biological or food samples) for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. Some of the water in the samples was successfully replaced with these ILs, which penetrated the cell membranes. The treated samples did not contract much even after drying. The ILs' ionic conductivity decreased the charging of sample surfaces, and good SEM images were obtained.