We studied the ultrafast dynamics of 40 aromatic cation based ionic liquids (ILs) by means of femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. The low-frequency Kerr spectra (ca. 0.3–700 cm−1) of the ILs were obtained from the Kerr transients by Fourier-transform deconvolution analysis. The low-frequency Kerr spectra in the frequency range less than 200 cm−1 coming mainly from the intermolecular vibrations for the ILs were discussed in terms of (i) anion dependence, (ii) imidazolium cations vs. pyridinium cations, (iii) alkyl group dependence, and (iv) effect of methylation in aromatic cations. Several liquid properties, such as density, viscosity, electrical conductivity, and surface tension, of the present sample ILs at 293 K were also estimated in this study. We clarified that the aromatic cation based ILs show a different relation of the first moment of the low-frequency spectral band to the bulk liquid parameter, which is the square root of surface tension divided by liquid density, from aprotic molecular liquids. The slope of the first moment to the bulk parameter for the aromatic cation based ILs is gentler than that for aprotic molecular liquids.

Unprecedented molecular recognition ability governed by a simple bimetallic surface was demonstrated.

The duration of anticoagulation therapy varied widely in discordance with current guideline recommendations. Optimal duration of anticoagulation therapy should be defined according to the risk of recurrent VTE and bleeding as well as death.

In tennis groundstrokes, the speed of the racket head depends on the rotational velocities of the upper limb segments and the corresponding instantaneous position of the racket. The method of holding the racket may influence these factors. Six high-performance tennis players who preferred the eastern method of holding the racket and a further 6 who preferred the western method were filmed. The displacement histories of 16 selected landmarks were calculated using the direct linear transformation approach and were used to calculate the contribution that the three-dimensional individual segment rotations for the upper limb made to racket head velocity. Horizontal flexion/abduction and internal rotation of the upper arm, in addition to linear velocity of the shoulder, were the primary contributors to racket head speed at impact, regardless of grip. Significant variations, however, were recorded for the contribution of the hand segment to racket head speed for the different grip positions.

Cycloadditions of 3-methoxyfuran (1) with several mono-activated dienophiles gave the endo adducts stereoselectively under the usual conditions in satisfactory yields; two of the adducts were transformed into potential intermediates (7a) and (7b) for the synthesis of ( f )-avenaciolide and ( ) -isoavenaciolide, respectively.CYCLOADDITIONS of furan with mono-activated dienophiles usually take place slowly (several weeks) and non-stereoselectively in low yields' and give ca. 1 : 1 mixtures of the endo and ex0 adducts, even under high pressure conditions which give satisfactory yields (ca. 55%) .2 We demonstrate here the novel reactivity of 3-methoxyfuran (1) in its stereoselective cycloadditions with dienophiles, and describe its application to the synthesis of ( f )-avenaciolides.