Introduction: Cesarean section is one of the common obstetric procedures done when the childbirth is not anticipated to occur by the normal vaginal delivery. There has been increased rate of cesarean section globally as well as in our country in recent decades. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study has been carried out by reviewing a year of data from maternity ward of Paschimanchal Community Hospital, Prithvi Chowk, Pokhara. The total number of delivery, their modes either vaginal or cesarean, indications for the cesarean section and their outcomes were analyzed. The obtained data was entered and analyzed in Microsoft Excel. Results: Total of 257 cases underwent delivery during the study period and 174 (63.27%) were by cesarean section. Oligohydramnios is the most common indication for cesarean section. Around 25 (14.36%) of the women underwent repeat cesarean section. Conclusions: The rate of cesarean section was quite high in our study and further studies are recommended for understanding of causes and other associated factors with it.

Introduction: Severe Anaemia during pregnancy is an important contributor to maternal mortality, as well as to the low birth weight which is in turn an important risk factor for infant mortality. We aim to determine the prevalence of anaemia in the region amongst pregnant women and identify their problems and to easily provide them with the clinical services. Methods: A community based cross sectional study done in PHCRC Chapagaun, Lalitpur from July 17, 2011 to Sep.17, 2011. Date from pregnant women presenting at PHCRC, , were filled and analysed using standard guidelines from WHO and Indian council of Medical research..Results: Out of 192 pregnant women, the average age of pregnancy was 21-25 years (46.55), mean haemoglobin (Hb) in pregnancy was 11g/dl. Majority pregnant women are Newar (35.4%) ethnicity, 67.7% of them housewives and 31.5% have primary level education. Only 24% was found to have their haemoglobin level in anaemic range. Among the pregnant women (n) =192; 48 (25%) had worm infestation, 119 (62%) had negative stool report and 25 (13%) had other than worms were found. Only about one third of the sample has actually taken albendazole.Conclusions: Aanaemia is prevalent in pregnant women of PHCRC, chapagaun and there was a significant correlation between anaemia and worm infestation. However, the relation among the haemoglobin level, iron, folic acid and albendazole was not significant. Keywords: anaemia; infestation; pregnant women; worm. | PubMed

Background: Measuring patients Length of Stay (LOS) in the emergency Department (ED) is one of the assessments of quality indicators in terms of clinical, managerial and public satisfaction pro­spective. Waiting time standard is defined and its impact is analyzed in many hospitals especially in developed countries. Policy of emergency operations to reduce length of stay helps to manage overcrowding, spares time to treat critical patient and minimize preventable death. The study was done to assess length of stay and disposal of patients visiting emergency department in Chitwan Medical College. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted from 01/10/2018 to 30/09/2019 at Chitwan Medical college, Nepal. Patients electronic records were retrieved from medical record section of all patients visiting to emergency department. Ethical approval was obtained from ethical review committee. Results: Medial Length of Stay (LOS) was 3.84 hours (Interquartile range 0.4 hours to 84 hours) 54.54% discharged, 40.83% admitted from ED. Conclusion: Median Length of Stay (LOS) in the Emergency Department (ED) was 3.84 hours which is satisfactory as compared to similar studies. Majority of patients discharged after treatment from ED.

Introduction: Several studies on the nutritional status of chronic kidney disease patients living on haemodialysis revealed high prevalence of malnutrition (18-94%). A hospital-based study in Nepal revealed 66.7% mild to moderately malnourished and National Kidney Center reported common protein-energy malnutrition problem among haemodialysis patients. As almost all patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis looked malnourished, this study was carried out to explore prevailing dietary knowledge and practice of the patients. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of 471 patients undergoing haemodialysis from June 2015 to July in 2015 was carried out. After stratification through a systematic random sampling method, 40 (67%) patients from National Kidney Center and 20 (33%) from Bir Hospital were selected, interviewed face to face by using structured questionnaire. Ethical and institutional approval and patients’ consent were obtained. Results: The level of knowledge score found to be medium and practice score was even low. Seventy percent knew about renal diet but only 36 (60%) believed in it. After having kidney disease 42 (70%) had changed their dietary practice. Surprisingly, 38 (63.3%) said they ate the food what the other member in their family ate. Conclusions: Considerable limited knowledge (medium) and practices (low) scores were found. Had they have taken adequate dietician’s support, they might have taken right kind and right amounts of foods and benefitted in controlling potassium, phosphate and protein at the recommended level. Plant-based diet could assist in end stage renal disease in a number of ways: an edge of protection against diet cost, reduce inter-related co-morbidities

Introduction: Girl Child Abuse is physically, emotionally, sexually abusing and neglecting the girl child by depriving her of universally accepted child rights. We aim to determine the awareness on girl child abuse among mothers so that necessary awareness programs could be recommended if found unsatisfactory. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done in Sundarbazar municipality of Lamjung district among randomly selecting 288 mothers who participated voluntarily in face to face interview that used structured questionnaire from 27th March to 23rd April, 2016. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferrential statistics like frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square and linear by linear association. Results: The findings of the study revealed that majority of mothers 224 (77.8%) had average level of awareness regarding girl child abuse and only 21 (7.3%) had good level of awareness with mean score±SD of 45.94±9.94 (total score-76). Awareness of mother on girl child abuse was found significantly associated with age, ethnicity, educational status, type of family, age at marriage and number of children at P<0.05. Conclusions: The mothers had average level of awareness regarding girl child abuse; however, significant proportion of mothers still lacks good level of awareness. A nationwide study of such kind using qualitative tools as well as conducting awareness raising activities focusing on girl child abuse and sexual abuse in girl child is recommended.