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T cells, whereas KG-1 and THP-1 only induced a marginal response. Furthermore, MUTZ-3 displayed the phenotypic and transcriptional profiles of immature dendritic cells, after differentiation with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4. Upon activation with inflammatory cytokines, MUTZ-3 matured phenotypically and exhibited a gene induction similar to that of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. This delineation of the cellular and transcriptional activity of MUTZ-3, in response to maturational stimuli, demonstrates the significance of this cell line as a model for functional studies of inflammatory responses.

Blackfly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) are “allogenie ecosystem engineers” that capture fine particulate and dissolved matter from suspension and egest much larger fecal pellets. We investigated the effects of blackfly larvae on organic matter transport at 25 sites along a small stream that flowed 500 m from a lake to the sea. Blackfly density was high upstream (>6 × 105 ind. m−2) and the numbers of fecal pellets in suspension rose markedly downstream from the blackfly aggregation. A total of 1.6 × 109 fecal pellets (biomass 3.2 kg C d−1) were discharged to the sea each day and 8.0 × 108 pellets (biomass 1.6 kg C d−1) were lost from suspension. Sedimenting pellets were available to the benthic microbial and invertebrate communities.

The objectives were to identify factors that predict the use of home help services and transition into institutional care and to study to what extent care services were targeted according to the individuals' needs. A further objective was to study whether people who had moved into institutional care facilities had received home help prior to institutionalisation. A community-dwelling sample (=502) aged 81-100 was twice interviewed and assessed with medical examinations. Their use of public elderly care between 1994/1996 and 2000 was studied using survival analyses. , according to the Andersen Behavioural Model, were the most important predictors for the use of elderly care. Among people living alone, dementia, functional limitations, and depressive symptoms predicted the use of home help services and institutionalisation. Among non-demented cohabiting people, depressive symptoms and dependence in ADLs increased the likelihood of both home help and institutionalisation. Among cohabiting people with dementia, the effect of dementia was difficult to separate from the effects of ADL limitations and depression. were of importance among cohabiting people. A high level of education increased the likelihood of moving into institutional care, and informal extra-residential care increased the likelihood of both outcomes indicating that elderly care resources had not been targeted solely according to need. such as age and gender were of importance only among people living alone. Basically the same factors predicted both the receipt of home help and institutionalisation. Only 4% of people living alone and 5% of those cohabiting moved to institutions without previously receiving home help.